Thermostable proteins and methods of making and using thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to functional, modified glucose-galactose binding proteins (GGBPs), that have a greater melting temperature (T m ) than a reference GGBP. The present invention also relates to biological sensors, e.g., glucose sensors, comprising these thermostable GGBPs. The present invention also relates to nucleic acids encoding these thermostable GGBPs.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/745,277, filed 20 Apr. 2006, the entire contents of which areincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to functional, modified glucose-galactosebinding proteins (GGBPs), that have a greater melting temperature(T_(m)) than a reference GGBP. The present invention also relates tonucleic acids encoding these thermostable GGBPs, as well as methods ofusing these thermostable GGBPs

2. Background of the Invention

A rapidly advancing area of biosensor development is the use ofperiplasmic binding proteins (PBPs), to accurately determine analyte,e.g., glucose, concentrations in biological samples. In particular,glucose-galactose binding proteins (GGBPs) are being employed asbiosensors to measure analyte quantities in industrial andpharmacological physiological settings. PBPs are considered to be“reagentless” and can be used in a variety of settings includingmeasuring glucose in monitoring diabetes, measuring amino acids in othermetabolic diseases, such as histidase deficiency, as well as measuringarabinose during ethanol production from corn. Wild-type GGBPs, however,may not be the most ideal candidates for measuring or determininganalyte concentrations for a variety of reasons. Biosensors comprisingGGBPs would preferably be physically stable under conditions of use togenerate a quantifiable signal on glucose binding. When the intended useis monitor in vivo glucose concentrations in diabetics the proteinswould preferably be stable at physiological temperatures. Additionally,the GGBPs would preferably have enhanced stability for sensormanufacturing, shipping and storage, which could potentially streamlineand enable the protein and sensor materials to be fabricated at ambienttemperature. This manufacturing process could include high-temperaturesterilization procedures for use in a clinical setting. Exposure to hightemperatures, however, may denature the protein, rendering the GGBPsuseless for their intended purpose. Thus there is a need for GGBPs thatare able to withstand higher temperatures while remaining active suchthat they can bind analyte and be used in biosensors in a variety ofhigher temperature settings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to functional, modified glucose-galactosebinding proteins (GGBPs), that have a greater melting temperature(T_(m)) than a reference GGBP.

The present invention also relates to nucleic acids encodingthermostable GGBPs.

The present invention also relates to functional, modified GGBPs, wherethe functional, modified GGBP has a greater melting temperature than areference GGBP and where the modified GGBP further comprises at leastone label.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES IN THE SEQUENCE LISTING

SEQ ID NO:1 is the amino acid sequence of wild-type (E. coli) GGBP(GenBank Accession No. 2 GBP).

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of wild-type (E. coli) GGBPGenBank Accession No. P0AEE5).

SEQ ID NO:3 is the amino acid sequence of 3M-GGBP, which has thefollowing residue substitutions as compared to wild-type GGBP (SEQ IDNO:1): E149C, A213R, and L238S.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the amino acid sequence of W183C-GGBP, which has a W183Cresidue substitution as compared to wild-type GGBP.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid sequence of an amino acid tag, useful forpeptide purification, that can be added to the N′-terminus of apolypeptide of interest.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the amino acid sequence of an amino acid tag, useful forpeptide purification and protein conjugation, that can be added to theC′-terminus of a polypeptide of interest.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the thermal stability curves of a reference GGBP proteinand two modified thermostable GGBPs.

FIG. 2 depicts the emission spectrum of modified thermostable 3M-GGBP inincreasing concentrations of glucose.

FIG. 3 depicts representative amino acids that may be targeted forsubstitution.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to functional, modified periplasmicbinding proteins (GGBPs), that have a greater melting temperature(T_(m)) than a reference GGBP.

Glucose-galactose binding protein is a member of the well-known class ofperiplasmic binding proteins, where these proteins are characterized bytheir three-dimensional configuration (tertiary structure), rather thanthe amino acid sequence (primary structure) of the protein. Each memberof the class possesses a characteristic lobe-hinge-lobe motif. SeeDwyer, M. A. and Helling a, H. W., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 14:495-504(2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference. The PBPs willnormally bind an analyte specifically in a cleft region between thelobes of the PBP. Furthermore, the binding of an analyte in the cleftregion will then cause a conformational change to the PBP that makesdetection of the analyte possible. In general, the conformationalchanges to the PBP upon specific analyte binding are characterized bythe two lobe regions to bend towards each other around and through thehinge region. See Quiocho, F. A. and Ledvina, P. S., Mol. Microbiol.20:17-25 (1996), which is incorporated by reference. Examples of PBPsinclude, but are not limited to, glucose-galactose binding protein(GGBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), ribose binding protein (RBP),arabinose binding protein (ABP), dipeptide binding protein (DPBP),glutamate binding protein (GluBP), iron binding protein (FeBP),histidine binding protein (HBP), phosphate binding protein (PhosBP),glutamine binding protein (QBP), leucine binding protein (LBP),leucine-isoleucine-valine-binding protein (LIVBP), oligopeptide bindingprotein (OppA), or derivatives thereof, as well as other proteins thatbelong to the families of proteins known as periplasmic binding proteinlike I (PBP-like I) and periplasmic binding protein like II (PBP-likeII).

For the purposes of the present invention, a glucose-galactose bindingprotein (GGBP) includes any protein that possesses these structuralcharacteristics described herein and can specifically bind to glucoseand/or galactose.

In particular, the invention relates to modified of GGBPs. A “modifiedprotein” is used to mean a protein can be created by addition, deletionor substitution of one or more amino acids in the primary structure(amino acid sequence) of a reference protein or polypeptide. The terms“protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein. Thereference protein need not be a wild-type protein, but can be anyprotein that is targeted for modification for the purposes of increasingthermal stability. Thus, the reference protein may be a protein whosesequence was previously modified over a wild-type protein. Of course,the reference protein may or may not be the wild-type protein from aparticular organism. Furthermore, the term “wild-type protein” includesthe wild-type protein with or without a “leader sequence.”

The modified GGBPs of the present the invention are functional andthermostable. As used herein, a functional, modified GGBP is capable ofspecifically binding an analyte of interest. In particular the bindingof the analyte to the modified GGBP should cause the characteristic“ligand-mediated hinge-bending motions” similar to what is observed whena wild-type GGBP binds the analyte, i.e., the bending of the two loberegions towards each other through the hinge region. Dwyer, M. A. andHelling a, H. W., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 14:495-504 (2004). Thedegree of movement of the lobe regions, however, need not be the same asin the wild-type GGBP.

In one example, the modified polypeptide of the invention can be amodified GGBP, where “surface” amino acids in the reference protein havebeen mutated. The phrase “surface amino acids” of a protein is used asit is in the art and is used to mean, in general, the residues of afolded protein that may be exposed to solvent or other environment. Onespecific embodiment of the present invention, therefore, relates tomodified GGBPs where one or more surface residues of the reference GGBPhave been mutated. In particular, surface asparagine residues andsurface glutamine residues may be targeted for substitution. Forexample, asparagine residues corresponding to, for example, positionsasparagine 39 (N39), asparagine 84 (N84), asparagine 130 (N130),asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259 (N259),asparagine 260 (N260), asparagine 271 (N271), asparagine 283 (N283), andasparagine 302 (N302) of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be targeted for substitution.Similarly, in addition to or in the alternative, glutamine residuescorresponding to, for example, positions glutamine 51 (Q51), glutamine83 (Q83), glutamine 175 (Q175), glutamine 177 (Q177) and leucine 178(L178) of SEQ ID NO:1, may also be targeted for substitution. Examplesof surface amino acids that may be targeted for modification include,but are not limited to those residues illustrated in FIG. 3. Othersurface residues may also be selected for substitution based upon, forexample, NCBI's molecular modeling database (MMDB) accession recordnumber 2 GBP (available on the world wide web atwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi). Thus, one specific embodimentof the present invention relates to a modified GGBP, where at least onesurface glutamine amino acid in the reference GGBP has been mutated.Another specific embodiment of the present invention relates to amodified GGBP, where at least one surface asparagine amino acid in thereference GGBP has been mutated. And yet another specific embodiment ofthe present invention relates to a modified GGBP, where at least onesurface glutamine amino acid and one surface asparagine amino acid inthe reference GGBP has been mutated. Of course, the modified GGBPs ofthe present invention may comprise additional modification, and themodifications need not be targeted against solely surface asparagines orglutamines.

In additional embodiments, amino acids are targeted for mutation basedupon the deamidation or potential deamidation of residues in a peptideor protein. As one of skill in the art is aware, deamidation is achemical reaction wherein an amide group is altered. In relation topeptides, deamidation can potentially degrade or destroy thefunctionality of the protein or peptide that contains amide-containingamino acids. Examples of amide-containing amino acids include, but arenot limited to asparagine and glutamine. Deamidation, in general, willoccur more rapidly with increased temperature and pH. The process ofdeamidation thus makes peptides and proteins susceptible to heatinactivation. See Xie, M and Schowen, R. L., J. Pharm. Sci., 88(1):8-13(1999), which is incorporated by reference. In one embodiment,therefore, deamidation-prone amino acids are targeted for substitutionor deletion. The methods used to determine deamidation-prone amino acidsshould not limit the scope of the present invention. In one specificembodiment, Fourier transform mass spectroscopy (FTMS) may be used tomeasure relative deamidation at susceptible residues such as asparagineresidues.

As used herein, the terms “correspond(s) to” and “corresponding to,” asthey relate to sequence alignment, are intended to mean enumeratedpositions within the reference protein, e.g., wild-type E. coli GGBP,and those positions in the modified GGBP that align with the positionson the reference protein. Thus, when the amino acid sequence of asubject GGBP is aligned with the amino acid sequence of a referenceGGBP, e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, the amino acids in the subject GGBP sequencethat “correspond to” certain enumerated positions of the reference GGBPsequence are those that align with these positions of the reference GGBPsequence, but are not necessarily in these exact numerical positions ofthe reference GGBP sequence. Methods for aligning sequences fordetermining corresponding amino acids between sequences are describedbelow.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the modified GGBP is amodified wild-type GGBP from E. coli. Thus, in this embodiment, thereference protein for the modified GGBP is wild-type GGBP that comprisesthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, below, and accessible in thedatabase for The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) asGenBank Accession No. 2 GBP, the entire record of which is incorporatedby reference. The NCBI GenBank database is found on the world-wide webat www.ncbi.nih.gov/Genbank. (SEQ ID NO:1)   1 ADTRIGVTIY KYDDNFMSVVRKAIEQDAKA APDVQLLMND SQNDQSKQND QIDVLLAKGV  61 KALAINLVDP AAAGTVIEKARGQNVPVVFF NKEPSRKALD SYDKAYYVGT DSKESGIIQG 121 DLIAKHWAAN QGWDLNKDGQIQFVLLKGEP GHPDAEARTT YVIKELNDKG IKTEQLQLDT 181 AMWDTAQAKD KMDAWLSGPNANKIEVVIAN NDAMAMGAVE ALKAHNKSSI PVFGVDALPE 241 ALALVKSGAL AGTVLNDANNQAKATFDLAK NLADGKGAAD GTNWKIDNKV VRVPYVGVDK 301 DNLAEFSKK

In particular embodiments, the modified GGBP comprises one or moreresidue substitutions at positions corresponding to one or more of thefollowing residues of SEQ ID NO:1: tyrosine 12 (Y12), asparagine 15(N15), asparagine 39 (N39), serine 41 (S41), asparagine 43 (N43),asparagine 49 (N49), aspartic acid 50 (D50), glutamine 51 (Q51),isoleucine 52 (152), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83), asparagine 84(N84), alanine 128 (A128), alanine 129 (A129), asparagine 130 (N130),glutamine 131 (Q131), glycine 132 (G132), tryptophan 133 (W133),glutamine 175 (Q175), glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine198 (G198), proline 199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine 202(N202), lysine 203 (K203) asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259 (N259),asparagine 260 (N260), aspartic acid 267 (D267), alanine 269 (A269),lysine 270 (K270), asparagine 271 (N271), asparagine 283 (N283),tryptophan 284 (W284) and asparagine 302 (N302).

In another embodiment of the present invention, the modified GGBP is amodified wild-type GGBP from E. coli, where the wild-type GGBP possessesits native leader sequence. Thus, in this embodiment, the referenceprotein for the modified GGBP comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:2, below, and accessible as GenBank Accession No. P02927 theentire record of which is incorporated by reference. (SEQ ID NO:2)   1MNKKVLTLSA VMASMLFGAA AHAADTRIGV TIYKYDDNFM SVVRKAIEQD AKAAPDVQLL  61MNDSQNDQSK QNDQIDVLLA KGVKALAINL VDPAAAGTVI EKARGQNVPV VFFNKEPSRK 121ALDSYDKAYY VGTDSKESGI IQGDLIAKHW AANQGWDLNK DGQIQFVLLK GEPGHPDAEA 181RTTYVIKELN DKGIKTEQLQ LDTAMWDTAQ AKDKMDAWLS GPNANKIEVV IANNDAMAMG 241AVEALKAHNK SSIPVFGVDA LPEALALVKS GALAGTVLND ANNQAKATFD LAKNLADGKG 301AADGTNWKID NKVVRVPYVG VDKDNLAEFS KK

In particular embodiments, the modified GGBP comprises one or moreresidue substitutions at positions corresponding to one or more of thefollowing residues of SEQ ID NO:2: tyrosine 35 (Y35), asparagine 38(N38), asparagine 62 (N62), serine 64 (S64), asparagine 66 (N66),asparagine 72 (N72), aspartic acid 73 (D73), glutamine 74 (Q74),isoleucine 75 (175), glycine 105 (G105), glutamine 106 (Q106),asparagine 107 (N107), alanine 151 (A151), alanine 152 (A152),asparagine 153 (N153), glutamine 154 (Q154), glycine 155 (G155),tryptophan 156 (W156), glutamine 198 (Q198), glutamine 200 (Q200),leucine 201 (L201), glycine 221 (G221), proline 222 (P222), asparagine223 (N223), asparagine 202 (N225), lysine 226 (K226) asparagine 249(N249), asparagine 282 (N282), asparagine 283 (N283), aspartic acid 290(D290), alanine 292 (A292), lysine 293 (K293), asparagine 294 (N294),asparagine 306 (N306), tryptophan 307 (W307) and asparagine 325 (N302).

In another embodiment of the present invention, the modified GGBP is afurther modification a previously modified GGBP having 3 amino acidsubstitutions as compared to the wild-type (E. coli) GGBP, which istermed “3M-GGBP.” The construction of 3M-GGBP, which has substitutionscorresponding to E149C, A213R L238S, as compared to SEQ ID NO:1, isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,556, which is incorporated byreference. Thus, in this embodiment, the reference protein for themodified GGBP is 3M-GGBP that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:3, below. (SEQ ID NO:3)   1 ADTRIGVTIY KYDDNFMSVV RKAIEQDAKAAPDVQLLMND SQNDQSKQND  51 QIDVLLAKGV KALAINLVDP AAAGTVIEKA RGQNVPVVFFNKEPSRKALD 101 SYDKAYYVGT DSKESGIIQG DLIAKHWAAN QGWDLNKDGQ IQFVLLKGCP151 GHPDAEARTT YVIKELNDKG IKTEQLQLDT AMWDTAQAKD KMDAWLSGPN 201ANKIEVVIAN NDRMAMGAVE ALKAHNKSSI PVFGVDASPE ALALVKSGAL 251 AGTVLNDANNQAKATFDLAK NLADGKGAAD GTNWKIDNKV VRVPYVGVDK 301 DNLAEFSKK

In particular embodiments, the modified GGBP comprises one or moreresidue substitutions at positions corresponding to one or more of thefollowing residues of SEQ ID NO:3: tyrosine 12 (Y12), asparagine 15(N15), asparagine 39 (N39), serine 41 (S41), asparagine (N43),asparagine 49 (N49), aspartic acid 50 (D50), glutamine 51 (Q51),isoleucine (152), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83), asparagine 84(N84), alanine 128 (A128), alanine 129 (A129) asparagine 130 (N130),glutamine (Q131), glycine 132 (G132), tryptophan 133 (W133), glutamine175 (Q175), glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine 198(G198), proline 199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine (N202),lysine (K203) asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259 (N259), asparagine260 (N260), aspartic acid 267 (D267), alanine 269 (A269), lysine 270(K270), asparagine 271 (N271), asparagine 283 (N283), tryptophan 284(W284) and asparagine 302 (N302).

In another embodiment of the present invention, the modified GGBP is afurther modification a previously modified GGBP having a single aminoacid substitution of tryptophan 183 to cysteine (W183C) as compared tothe wild-type (E. coli) GGBP, which is termed “W183C-GGBP” or “W183.”Thus, in this embodiment, the reference protein for the modified GGBP isW183C-GGBP that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, below.(SEQ ID NO:4)   1 ADTRIGVTIY KYDDNFMSVV RKAIEQDAKA APDVQLLMND SQNDQSKQND 51 QIDVLLAKGV KALAINLVDP AAAGTVIEKA RGQNVPVVFF NKEPSRKALD 101SYDKAYYVGT DSKESGIIQG DLIAKHWAAN QGWDLNKDGQ IQFVLLKGEP 151 GHPDAEARTTYVIKELNDKG IKTEQLQLDT AMCDTAQAKD KMDAWLSGPN 201 ANKIEVVIAN NDAMAMGAVEALKAHNKSSI PVFGVDALPE ALALVKSGAL 251 AGTVLNDANN QAKATFDLAK NLADGKGAADGTNWKIDNKV VRVPYVGVDK 301 DNLAEFSKK

In particular embodiments, the modified GGBP comprises one or moreresidue substitutions at positions corresponding to one or more of thefollowing residues of SEQ ID NO:4: tyrosine 12 (Y12), asparagine 15(N15), asparagine 39 (N39), serine 41 (S41), asparagine (N43),asparagine 49 (N49), aspartic acid 50 (D50), glutamine 51 (Q51),isoleucine (152), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83), asparagine 84(N84), alanine 128 (A128), alanine 129 (A129), asparagine 130 (N130),glutamine (Q131), glycine 132 (G132), tryptophan 133 (W133), glutamine175 (Q175), glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine 198(G198), proline 199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine (N202),lysine (K203) asparagine 226 (N226), aspargine 259 (N259), asparagine260 (N260), aspartic acid 267 (D267), alanine 269 (A269), lysine 270(K270), asparagine 271 (N271), asparagine 283 (N283), tryptophan 284(W284) and asparagine 302 (N302).

In some embodiments, each amino acid targeted for modification on thewild-type or reference protein is modified by substituting a singleamino acid at the targeted site, such that the one or more substitutionoccurs in a 1-to-1 fashion. For example, an asparagine at position 39 ofwild-type E. coli GGBP (SEQ ID NO:1) may be modified by substituting adifferent amino acid, e.g., isoleucine or valine. In other embodiments,more than one amino acid is substituted at and flanking (but notnecessarily directly adjacent to) the targeted site, such that a “locus”on the wild-type or reference protein is mutated. For example, aglutamine at position 83 of wild-type E. coli GGBP (SEQ ID NO:1) may bemodified by substituting more than one amino acid centered on position83 of the reference GGBP, i.e., glutamic acid, lysine and aspartic acidmay be substituted for positions 82-84 respectively in a substitutiontargeting the single glutamine at position 83.

The invention also contemplates modified GGBPs wherein the referenceproteins for the modified GGBPs comprise an amino acid sequence at leastabout 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 2, 3 or4. In specific embodiments, the polypeptides of the present inventionare at least about 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% and 99% identical to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 2, 3 or 4. In other embodiments, thereference GGBP could be wild-type GGBPs from species other than E. coli,including but not limited to, Clostridium, acetobutylicum, S.solfataricus, A. tumefaciens, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Neisseriagonorrhoeae, Y. enterocolitica, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiellaoxytoca, B. Subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, S. typhimurium, Treponemapallidum.

A polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, about95% “identical” to a reference an amino acid sequence encoding GGBP isunderstood to mean that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide isidentical to the reference sequence except that the amino acid sequencemay include up to about five modifications per each 100 amino acids ofthe reference amino acid sequence encoding the reference GGBP. In otherwords, to obtain a peptide having an amino acid sequence at least about95% identical to a reference amino acid sequence, up to about 5% of theamino acid residues of the reference sequence may be deleted orsubstituted with another amino acid or a number of amino acids up toabout 5% of the total amino acids in the reference sequence may beinserted into the reference sequence. These modifications of thereference sequence may occur at the N-terminus or C-terminus positionsof the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminalpositions, interspersed either individually among amino acids in thereference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within thereference sequence.

As used herein, “identity” is a measure of the identity of nucleotidesequences or amino acid sequences compared to a reference nucleotide oramino acid sequence. In general, the sequences are aligned so that thehighest order match is obtained. “Identity” per se has an art-recognizedmeaning and can be calculated using published techniques. (See, e.g.,Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford UniversityPress, New York (1988); Biocomputing: Informatics And Genome Projects,Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York (1993); Computer Analysis ofSequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., HumanaPress, New Jersey (1994); von Heinje, G., Sequence Analysis In MolecularBiology, Academic Press (1987); and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov,M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York (1991)). Whilethere exist several methods to measure identity between twopolynucleotide or polypeptide sequences, the term “identity” is wellknown to skilled artisans (Carillo, H. & Lipton, D., Siam J Applied Math48:1073 (1988)). Methods commonly employed to determine identity orsimilarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, thosedisclosed in Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., AcademicPress, San Diego (1994) and Carillo, H. & Lipton, D., Siam J AppliedMath 48:1073 (1988). Computer programs may also contain methods andalgorithms that calculate identity and similarity. Examples of computerprogram methods to determine identity and similarity between twosequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package(Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12(i):387 (1984)), BLASTP,ExPASy, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, S. F., et al., J Molec Biol 215:403(1990)) and FASTDB. Examples of methods to determine identity andsimilarity are discussed in Michaels, G. and Garian, R., CurrentProtocols in Protein Science, Vol 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2000),which is incorporated by reference. In one embodiment of the presentinvention, the algorithm used to determine identity between two or morepolypeptides is BLASTP.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the algorithm used todetermine identity between two or more polypeptides is FASTDB, which isbased upon the algorithm of Brutlag et al. (Comp. App. Biosci. 6:237-245(1990), incorporated by reference). In a FASTDB sequence alignment, thequery and subject sequences are amino sequences. The result of sequencealignment is in percent identity. Parameters that may be used in aFASTDB alignment of amino acid sequences to calculate percent identityinclude, but are not limited to: Matrix=PAM, k-tuple=2, MismatchPenalty=1, Joining Penalty=20, Randomization Group Length=0, CutoffScore=1, Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty 0.05, Window Size=500 or thelength of the subject amino sequence, whichever is shorter.

If the subject sequence is shorter or longer than the query sequencebecause of N-terminus or C-terminus additions or deletions, not becauseof internal additions or deletions, a manual correction can be made,because the FASTDB program does not account for N-terminus andC-terminus truncations or additions of the subject sequence whencalculating percent identity. For subject sequences truncated at the 5′or 3′ ends, relative to the query sequence, the percent identity iscorrected by calculating the number of bases of the query sequence thatare N- and C-terminus to the reference sequence that are notmatched/aligned, as a percent of the total bases of the query sequence.The results of the FASTDB sequence alignment determinematching/alignment. The alignment percentage is then subtracted from thepercent identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program using thespecified parameters, to arrive at a final percent identity score. Thiscorrected score can be used for the purposes of determining howalignments “correspond” to each other, as well as percentage identity.Residues of the query (subject) sequences or the reference sequence thatextend past the N- or C-termini of the reference or subject sequence,respectively, may be considered for the purposes of manually adjustingthe percent identity score. That is, residues that are notmatched/aligned with the N- or C-termini of the comparison sequence maybe counted when manually adjusting the percent identity score oralignment numbering.

For example, a 90 amino acid residue subject sequence is aligned with a100 residue reference sequence to determine percent identity. Thedeletion occurs at the N-terminus of the subject sequence and therefore,the FASTDB alignment does not show a match/alignment of the first 10residues at the N-terminus. The 10 unpaired residues represent 10% ofthe sequence (number of residues at the N- and C-termini notmatched/total number of residues in the query sequence) so 10% issubtracted from the percent identity score calculated by the FASTDBprogram. If the remaining 90 residues were perfectly matched the finalpercent identity would be 90%. In another example, a 90 residue subjectsequence is compared with a 100 reference sequence. This time thedeletions are internal deletions so there are no residues at the N- orC-termini of the subject sequence which are not matched/aligned with thequery. In this case the percent identity calculated by FASTDB is notmanually corrected.

The modified GGBPs of the invention may have improved characteristics,such as increased stability (e.g., thermal stability, detergentstability, pH stability, freeze/thaw stability) or increased solubilityin aqueous solvents, relative to the reference GGBP. In particular, themodified GGBPs of the present invention are thermostable or heat stable.The terms “thermostable” or “heat stable” are used interchangeablyherein and are used to indicate that the modified GGBPs have a highermelting temperature than the reference GGBP from which the modifiedGGBPs have been derived. Melting temperature, as the term relates toproteins, is used herein as it is in the art. Namely, the meltingtemperature is the temperature at which the populations of folded andunfolded protein in a sample are equal. There are numerous methods fordetermining the melting temperature of a protein, and the inventionshould not be limited by the methods of determining the meltingtemperature of the proteins. Provided that the method for determiningthe melting temperature of the reference and modified proteins are thesame, then a thermostable protein, for the purposes of the presentinvention, is a protein that has a higher melting temperature than thereference protein. One example of a method of measuring the meltingtemperature of a protein includes, but is not limited to, circulardichroism, which is a spectrophotometric method that differentiallymeasures the absorption of right-handed and left-handedcircularly-polarized light to monitor the three dimensionalconfiguration of a protein. Methods of Circular Dichroism are discussedin Miles, A. J. and Wallace, B. A., Chem. Soc. Rev., 35: 39-31 (2006),which is incorporated by reference.

In the instant invention, analyte and modified glucose-galactose bindingprotein act as binding partners. The term “associates” or “binds” asused herein refers to specific binding. Affinity of specific binding canbe assessed by calculating a relative binding constant such as, but notlimited to, equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd). The Kd may becalculated as the concentration of free analyte at which half thebinding molecule is bound, or vice versa. When the analyte of interestis glucose, for example, the Kd values for the binding partners may bebetween about 0.0001 mM to about 30 mM. Accordingly, the modifiedglucose-galactose binding proteins of the present invention may be usedin an in vitro or in vivo analyte assay which, for example, is capableof following the kinetics of biological reactions involving an analyte,such as glucose, as well as in clinical assays. A protein or modifiedprotein with a greater dissociation constant than a reference proteinmeans that the binding of the protein or modified protein to the targetanalyte is weaker, or that the binding affinity of the modified GGBP isdecreased. Conversely, a protein or modified protein with a smallerdissociation constant than a reference protein means that the binding ofthe protein or modified protein to the target analyte is stronger, orthat the binding affinity of the modified GGBP is increased. Forexample, a protein with a Kd of about 1 mM is considered to have a“weaker” binding affinity than a protein with a Kd of about 0.1 mM.

Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, the binding affinityof the modified GGBP towards its analyte binding partner issubstantially the same as the binding affinity of the wild-type GGBPtowards the same analyte binding partner. As used herein, the term“substantially the same” as compared to the binding affinity indicatesthat the measured binding affinities of the modified GGBP and referenceGGBP towards the analyte binding partner are within one order ofmagnitude of each other. For example if the metric used to determine andcompare binding affinities is dissociation constant, then a protein witha Kd of about 1 mM is considered to have substantially the same bindingaffinity as a protein with a Kd of about 0.1 mM, even though one proteinis measurably weaker than the other protein. To be clear, however, oneprotein may have a weaker binding affinity as compared to anotherprotein, but the two proteins would still have “substantially the same”binding affinities for the purposes of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the binding affinity of the modified GGBP towardsits binding partner is altered as compared to the binding affinity ofthe reference GGBP towards the same analyte binding partner. As usedherein, a binding affinity is “altered” when the affinities of themodified GGBP and the reference GGBP towards the same analyte bindingpartner are not within one order of magnitude of each other. In oneembodiment, the present invention relates to methods of decreasing thebinding affinity of the modified GGBP towards its analyte bindingpartner as compared to the binding affinity of the reference GGBPtowards the same analyte. In another embodiment, the present inventionrelates to methods of increasing the binding affinity of the modifiedGGBP towards its analyte binding partner as compared to the bindingaffinity of the reference GGBP towards the same analyte.

Likewise, one aspect of the present invention relates to methods ofaltering the affinity of the binding molecules towards their targets,while also increasing the thermal stability of the modified GGBP. In oneembodiment, the present invention relates to methods of decreasing thebinding affinity of the modified GGBP towards an analyte binding partneras compared to the binding affinity of the reference GGBP towards thesame binding partner. In another embodiment, the present inventionrelates to methods of altering the selectivity of the modified GGBP ascompared to the selectivity of the reference GGBP.

In another embodiment, the fluorescence response, relative, absolute orratiometric, of the modified GGBP towards its binding partner is alteredas compared to the fluorescence response which can be relative, absoluteor ratiometric of the reference GGBP towards the same analyte bindingpartner. Methods of determining and measuring relative fluorescence aredescribed in Lakowicz, J. R. (1999) Principles of FluorescenceSpectroscopy, Second Edition, pp 185-210, Kluwer Academic/PlenumPublishers, New York, which is incorporated by reference. Methods ofdetermining and measuring ratiometric fluorescence are described in DeLorimier, R. M., Smith, J. J., Dwyer, M. A., Looger, L. L., Sali, K. M.,Paavola, C. D., Rizk, S. S., Sadigov, S., Conrad, D. W., Loew, L., andHelling a, H. W. (2002) Construction of a fluorescent biosensor family.Protein Sci. 11, 2655-2675, which is incorporated by reference. As usedherein, relative fluorescence response is “altered” when thefluorescence of the modified GGBP, upon binding of analyte, is beyondone order of magnitude of the fluorescence of the reference GGBP uponbinding the same analyte. In one embodiment, the present inventionrelates to methods of decreasing the fluorescence of the modified GGBPtowards its analyte binding partner as compared to the fluorescence ofthe reference GGBP towards the same analyte. In another embodiment, thepresent invention relates to methods of increasing the binding affinityof the modified GGBP towards its analyte binding partner as compared tothe binding affinity of the reference GGBP towards the same analyte.

In another specific embodiment, the modified proteins may be modified tobind more than one analyte in a specific manner. Indeed, the modifiedproteins may possess specificity for the same ligand as the referenceGGBP in addition to another target ligand.

Likewise, the modified proteins may be able to bind only one or moreanalytes that the reference binding protein does not bind. Methods ofaltering protein selectivity or specificity have been described. Forexample, Looger, et al., (Nature 423 (6936): 185-190 (2003)), which ishereby incorporated by reference, disclose methods for re-designingbinding sites within periplasmic binding proteins that provide newanalyte-binding properties for the proteins. These modified bindingproteins retain the ability to undergo conformational change, which canproduce a directly generated signal upon analyte-binding. By introducingbetween 5 and 17 amino acid changes, Looger, et al. constructed severalmodified proteins, each with new selectivities for TNT(trinitrotoluene), L-lactate, or serotonin. For example, Looger et al.generated L-lactate binding proteins from ABP, GGBP, RBP, HBP and QBP.In one embodiment, the device comprises a mutated thermostable GGBP thatspecifically binds L-lactate. In this embodiment, the reference GGBPwould be the previously mutated GGBP there the binding specificity forglucose and galactose had been ablated and was now able to specificallybind L-lactate. This reference GGBP would then, for the purposes of thepresent invention, be mutated to increase the thermal stability of themodified, L-lactate-specific GGBP.

The modified thermostable GGBPs may but need not be labeled to detect ormeasure analyte in a sample. Examples of assays in which unlabeled,modified, thermostable GGBPs of the present invention include, but arenot limited to, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface enhancedRaman spectroscopy (SERS). In another embodiment, the reference GGBPsand the modified thermostable GGBPs may also comprise one or morelabeling moieties. A “labeling moiety,” as used herein, is intended tomean a chemical compound or ion that possesses or comes to possess adetectable signal. The labels used in the present invention may be usedto indicate a conformational change in the lobe regions of the GGBPs.Examples of changes in lobe regions include, but are not limited to,three-dimensional conformational changes, changes in orientation of theamino acid side chains of proteinaceous binding domains, and redoxstates of the binding domains. With the addition/substitution of one ormore residues into the primary structure of a protein, some of thelabeling moieties used in the current methods and compositions can beattached through chemical means, such as reduction, oxidation,conjugation, and condensation reactions. Examples of residues commonlyused to label proteins include, but are limited to, lysine and cysteine.For example, any thiol-reactive group can be used to attach labelingmoieties, e.g., a fluorophore, to a naturally occurring or engineeredcysteine in the primary structure of the polypeptide. U.S. Pat. No.6,855,556, which is incorporated by reference, describes variouscysteine mutations of PBPs. Also, for example, lysine residues can belabeled using succinimide ester derivatives of fluorophores. SeeRichieri, G. V. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267: 23495-501 (1992) which ishereby incorporated by reference.

The labeling moieties of the present invention may be radioactive ornon-radioactive. Examples of radiolabels include, but are not limitedto, ³H and ³²P, that can be measured with radiation-counting devices.Examples of non-radioactive labels include, but are not limited to,transition metals, lanthanide ions and other chemical compounds. Thenon-radioactive signals include, but are not limited to, fluorescence,phosphorescence, bioluminescence, electrochemical and chemiluminescencepigments, dyes or other chromogens that can be visually observed ormeasured with a spectrophotometer; spin labels that can be measured witha spin label analyzer; and fluorescent labels (fluorophores), where theoutput signal is generated by the excitation of a suitable molecularadduct and that can be visualized by excitation with light that isabsorbed by the dye or can be measured with standard fluorometers orimaging systems. Additional examples of labels include, but are notlimited to, a phosphorescent dye, a tandem dye and a particle. The labelcan be a chemiluminescent substance, where the output signal isgenerated by chemical modification of the signal compound; ametal-containing substance; or an enzyme, whereby an enzyme-dependentsecondary generation of signal is generated, such as the formation of acolored product from a colorless substrate. The term label also includesa “tag” or hapten that can bind selectively to a conjugated moleculesuch that the conjugated molecule, when added subsequently along with asubstrate, is used to generate a detectable signal. For example, one canuse biotin as a label and subsequently use an avidin or streptavidinconjugate of horseradish peroxidate (HRP) to bind to the biotin labeland subsequently use a colorimetric substrate (e.g.,tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)) or a fluorogenic substrate such as AmplexRed reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc.) to detect the presence of HRP.Numerous labels are known by those of skill in the art and include, butare not limited to, particles, fluorophores, haptens, enzymes and theircolorimetric, fluorogenic and chemiluminescent substrates and otherlabels that are described in RICHARD P. HAUGLAND, MOLECULAR PROBESHANDBOOK OF FLUORESCENT PROBES AND RESEARCH PRODUCTS (9^(th) edition,CD-ROM, (September 2002), which is herein incorporated by reference.

A fluorophore of the present invention is any chemical moiety thatexhibits an absorption maximum at or beyond 280 nm, and when covalentlyattached to a protein or other reagent retains its spectral properties.Fluorophores of the present invention include, without limitation; apyrene (including any of the corresponding derivative compoundsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,432, incorporated by reference), ananthracene, a naphthalene, an acridine, a stilbene, an indole orbenzindole, an oxazole or benzoxazole, a thiazole or benzothiazole, a4-amino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD), a cyanine, a carbocyanine(including any corresponding compounds in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,977;5,268,486; 5,569,587; 5,569,766; 5,486,616; 5,627,027; 5,808,044;5,877,310; 6,002,003; 6,004,536; 6,008,373; 6,043,025; 6,127,134;6,130,094; 6,133,445; 6,664,047; 6,974,873 and 6,977,305; andpublications WO 02/26891, WO 97/40104, WO 99/51702, WO 01/21624; EP 1065 250 A1, incorporated by reference), a carbostyryl, a porphyrin, asalicylate, an anthranilate, an azulene, a perylene, a pyridine, aquinoline, a borapolyazaindacene (including any corresponding compoundsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,774,339; 5,187,288; 5,248,782; 5,274,113;and 5,433,896, incorporated by reference), a xanthene (including anycorresponding compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,931;6,130,101; 6,229,055; 6,339,392; 5,451,343 and 6,716,979, incorporatedby reference), an oxazine (including any corresponding compoundsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,714,763, incorporated by reference) or abenzoxazine, a carbazine (including any corresponding compoundsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,636, incorporated by reference), aphenalenone, a coumarin (including an corresponding compounds disclosedin U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,696,157; 5,459,276; 5,501,980 and 5,830,912,incorporated by reference), a benzofuran (including an correspondingcompounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,209 and 4,849,362,incorporated by reference) and benzphenalenone (including anycorresponding compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,409,incorporated by reference) and derivatives thereof. As used herein,oxazines include resorufins (including any corresponding compoundsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,805, incorporated by reference),aminooxazinones, diaminooxazines, and their benzo-substituted analogs.Additional labeling moieties include, but are not limited to, thosecompounds that are described in United States Patent Publication No.2006/0280652, published 14 Dec. 2006, and PCT Publication No. WO2006/025887, which are incorporated by reference.

When the fluorophore is a xanthene, the fluorophore is optionally afluorescein, a rhodol (including any corresponding compounds disclosedin U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,227,487 and 5,442,045, incorporated by reference),or a rhodamine (including any corresponding compounds in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,798,276; 5,846,737 and 6,562,632, incorporated by reference). As usedherein, fluorescein includes benzo- or dibenzofluoresceins,seminaphthofluoresceins, or naphthofluoresceins. Similarly, as usedherein rhodol includes seminaphthorhodafluors (including anycorresponding compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,171,incorporated by reference). Alternatively, the fluorophore is a xanthenethat is bound via a linkage that is a single covalent bond at the9-position of the xanthene. Preferred xanthenes include derivatives of3H-xanthen-6-ol-3-one attached at the 9-position, derivatives of6-amino-3H-xanthen-3-one attached at the 9-position, or derivatives of6-amino-3H-xanthen-3-imine attached at the 9-position.

Fluorophores for use in the present invention include, but are notlimited to, xanthene (rhodol, rhodamine, fluorescein and derivativesthereof) coumarin, cyanine, pyrene, oxazine and borapolyazaindacene.Most preferred are sulfonated xanthenes, fluorinated xanthenes,sulfonated coumarins, fluorinated coumarins and sulfonated cyanines. Thechoice of the fluorophore will determine the absorption and fluorescenceemission properties of the GGBP or other labeling reagent complex.Physical properties of a fluorophore label include spectralcharacteristics (absorption, emission and stokes shift), fluorescenceintensity, lifetime, polarization and photo-bleaching rate all of whichcan be used to distinguish one fluorophore from another.

Typically the fluorophore contains one or more aromatic orheteroaromatic rings, that are optionally substituted one or more timesby a variety of substituents, including without limitation, halogen,nitro, cyano, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl,cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, acyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring system, benzo, orother substituents typically present on fluorophores known in the art.

Specific examples of fluorophore labels are selected from the groupconsisting of fluorescein, coumarins, rhodamines, 5-TMRIA(tetramethylrhodamine-5-iodoacetamide), (9-(2(or4)-(N-(2-maleimdylethyl)-sulfonamidyl)-4(or2)-sulfophenyl)-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-(1H,5H,11H,15H-xantheno(2,3,4-ij:5,6,7-i′j′)diquinolizin-18-iumsalt) (Texas Red®),2-(5-(1-(6-(N-(2-maleimdylethyl)-amino)-6-oxohexyl)-1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfo-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3-propyldienyl)-1-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfo-3H-indoliumsalt (Cy™ 3),N,N′-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N′-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine(IANBD amide),N-((2-(iodoacetoxy)ethyl)-N-methyl)amino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole(IANBD ester), 6-acryloyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (acrylodan),pyrene,6-amino-2,3-dihydro-2-(2-((iodoacetyl)amino)ethyl)-1,3-dioxo-1H-benz(de)isoquinoline-5,8-disulfonicacid salt (lucifer yellow),2-(5-(1-(6-(N-(2-maleimdylethyl)-amino)-6-oxohexyl)-1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfo-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3-pentadienyl)-1-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfo-3H-indoliumsalt (Cy™ 5),4-(5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)oxazol-2-yl)phenyl-N-(2-bromoacetamidoethyl)sulfonamide(Dapoxyl® (2-bromoacetamidoethyl)sulfonamide)),(N-(4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-2-yl)iodoacetamide(BODIPY® 507/545 IA),N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-diphenyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl)-N′-iodoacetylethylenediamine(BODIPY 530/550 IA), 5-((((2-iodoacetyl)amino)ethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (1,5-IAEDANS), andcarboxy-X-rhodamine, 5/6-iodoacetamide (XRIA 5,6). Another example of alabel is BODIPY-FL-hydrazide. Other luminescent labels includelanthanides such as europium (Eu3+) and terbium (Tb3+), as well asmetal-ligand complexes of ruthenium [Ru(II)], rhenium [Re(I)], or osmium[Os(II)], typically in complexes with diimine ligands such asphenanthroline. United States Patent Publication No. 2006/028652,published 14 Dec. 2006, which is incorporated by reference, disclosesadditional fluorophores that may be useful for the present invention.

In addition to fluorophores, enzymes also find use as labels. Enzymesare desirable labels because amplification of the detectable signal canbe obtained resulting in increased assay sensitivity. The enzyme itselfmay not produce a detectable signal but is capable of generating asignal by, for example, converting a substrate to produce a detectablesignal, such as a fluorescent, calorimetric or luminescent signal.Enzymes amplify the detectable signal because one enzyme on a labelingreagent can result in multiple substrates being converted to adetectable signal. This is advantageous where there is a low quantity oftarget present in the sample or a fluorophore does not exist that willgive comparable or stronger signal than the enzyme. The enzyme substrateis selected to yield the preferred measurable product, e.g.,calorimetric, fluorescent or chemiluminescence. Such substrates areextensively used in the art, many of which are described in theMOLECULAR PROBES HANDBOOK, supra.

In a specific embodiment, a calorimetric or fluorogenic substrate andenzyme combination uses oxidoreductases such as horseradish peroxidaseand a substrate such as 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC), which yield a distinguishing color(brown and red, respectively). Other calorimetric oxidoreductasesubstrates that yield detectable products include, but are not limitedto: 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS),o-phenylenediamine (OPD), 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB),o-dianisidine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, 4-chloro-1-naphthol. Fluorogenicsubstrates include, but are not limited to, homovanillic acid or4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, reduced phenoxazines and reducedbenzothiazines, including Amplex® Red reagent and its variants (U.S.Pat. No. 4,384,042) and reduced dihydroxanthenes, includingdihydrofluoresceins (U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,931, incorporated by reference)and dihydrorhodamines including dihydrorhodamine 123. Peroxidasesubstrates that are tyramides (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,196,306; 5,583,001 and5,731,158, incorporated by reference) represent a unique class ofperoxidase substrates in that they can be intrinsically detectablebefore action of the enzyme but are “fixed in place” by the action of aperoxidase in the process described as tyramide signal amplification(TSA). These substrates are extensively utilized to label targets insamples that are cells, tissues or arrays for their subsequent detectionby microscopy, flow cytometry, optical scanning and fluorometry.

Another preferred colorimetric (and in some cases fluorogenic) substrateand enzyme combination uses a phosphatase enzyme such as an acidphosphatase, an alkaline phosphatase or a recombinant version of such aphosphatase in combination with a colorimetric substrate such as5-bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP), 6-chloro-3-indolylphosphate, 5-bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate, p-nitrophenylphosphate, or o-nitrophenyl phosphate or with a fluorogenic substratesuch as 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate,6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarinyl phosphate (DiFMUP, U.S. Pat.No. 5,830,912, incorporated by reference) fluorescein diphosphate,3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate, resorufin phosphate,9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one-7-yl) phosphate (DDAOphosphate), or ELF 97, ELF 39 or related phosphates (U.S. Pat. Nos.5,316,906 and 5,443,986, incorporated by reference).

Additional enzymes include, but are not limited to, hydrolases such ascholinesterases and peptidases, oxidases such as cytochrome oxidases,and reductases for which suitable substrates are known. Specificembodiments of the present invention comprise enzymes and theirappropriate substrates to produce a chemiluminescent signal, such as,but not limited to, natural and recombinant forms of luciferases andaequorins. Chemiluminescence-producing substrates for phosphatases,glycosidases and oxidases such as those containing stable dioxetanes,luminol, isoluminol and acridinium esters are additionally useful.

Additional embodiments comprise haptens such as biotin. Biotin is usefulbecause it can function in an enzyme system to further amplify thedetectable signal, and it can function as a tag to be used in affinitychromatography for isolation purposes. For detection purposes, an enzymeconjugate that has affinity for biotin is used, such as avidin-HRP.Subsequently a peroxidase substrate is added to produce a detectablesignal.

Haptens also include hormones, naturally occurring and synthetic drugs,pollutants, allergens, affector molecules, growth factors, chemokines,cytokines, lymphokines, amino acids, peptides, chemical intermediates,nucleotides and the like.

Fluorescent proteins also find use as labels for the labeling reagentsof the present invention. Thus, in one specific embodiment, thereference GGBP is a fusion protein comprising a functional GGBP and afluorescent protein, where the fluorescent protein acts as at least onelabel. The modified thermostable functional GGBPs would, in turn,comprise a fluorescent protein. In another embodiment, the modifiedproteins of the current invention may comprise two, three, four or morefluorescent proteins. If the fusion proteins of the current inventioncontain more than one fluorescent protein, the fluorescent proteins mayor may not be chemically identical. Fluorescent proteins are easilyrecognized in the art. Examples of fluorescent proteins that are part offusion proteins of the current invention include, but are not limitedto, green fluorescent proteins (GFP, AcGFP, ZsGreen), red-shifted GFP(rs-GFP), red fluorescent proteins (RFP, including DsRed2, HcRed1,dsRed-Express), yellow fluorescent proteins (YFP, Zsyellow), cyanfluorescent proteins (CFP, AmCyan), a blue fluorescent protein (BFP) andthe phycobiliproteins, as well as the enhanced versions and mutations ofthese proteins. For some fluorescent proteins enhancement indicatesoptimization of emission by increasing the proteins' brightness or bycreating proteins that have faster chromophore maturation. Theseenhancements can be achieved through engineering mutations into thefluorescent proteins.

The fluorescent proteins, especially phycobiliprotein, are particularlyuseful for creating tandem dye labeled labeling reagents. In oneembodiment of the current invention, therefore, the measurable signal ofthe fusion protein is actually a transfer of excitation energy(resonance energy transfer) from a donor molecule to an acceptormolecule. In particular, the resonance energy transfer is in the form offluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). When the modifiedproteins of the present invention utilize FRET to measure of quantifyanalyte(s), the fusion protein can be the donor or the acceptor. Theterms “donor” and “acceptor,” when used in relation to FRET, are readilyunderstood in the art. Namely, a donor is the molecule that will absorba photon of light and subsequently initiate energy transfer to theacceptor molecule. The acceptor molecule is the molecule that receivesthe energy transfer initiated by the donor and, in turn, emits a photonof light. The efficiency of FRET is dependent upon the distance betweenthe two fluorescent partners and can be expressed mathematically by:E=R₀ ⁶/(R₀ ⁶+r⁶), where E is the efficiency of energy transfer, r is thedistance (in Angstroms) between the fluorescent donor/acceptor pair andR₀ is the Förster distance (in Angstroms). The Förster distance, whichcan be determined experimentally by readily available techniques in theart, is the distance at which FRET is half of the maximum possible FRETvalue for a given donor/acceptor pair. A particularly useful combinationis the phycobiliproteins disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,520,110;4,859,582; 5,055,556, incorporated by reference, and the sulforhodaminefluorophores disclosed in 5,798,276, or the sulfonated cyaninefluorophores disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,977,305 and 6,974,873; or thesulfonated xanthene derivatives disclosed in 6,130,101, incorporated byreference and those combinations disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,104,incorporated by reference.

Other types of fusion proteins provided by the present invention includebut are not limited to, fusions with secretion signals and otherheterologous functional regions. Thus, for instance, a region ofadditional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be addedto the N-terminus of the protein to improve stability and persistence inthe host cell, during purification or during subsequent handling andstorage. Also, a region also may be added to the protein to facilitatepurification. For example, the reference protein and/or thermostableprotein may comprise “histidine tags” (“his tags”) or “lysine tags”.Example of histidine tags include, but are not limited to hexaH, heptaHand hexaHN. Additional examples of purification tags are disclosed inWaugh, D. S., Trends in Biotechnology, 23(6):316-320 (June 2005), andGaberc-Porekar V. and Menart, V., J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods.49:335-360 (2001), which are incorporated by reference. Examples oflysine tags include but are not limited to pentaL, heptaL and FLAG.Additional examples of solubility tags are also disclosed in Waugh, D.S., Trends in Biotechnology, 23(6) 316-320 (June 2005). Such regions maybe removed prior to final preparation of the protein. The addition ofpeptide moieties to proteins, whether to engender secretion orexcretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, amongothers, is a familiar and routine technique in the art and may includemodifying amino acids at the terminus to accommodate the tags. Forexample in SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4, the C-terminus amino acid (lysine) maybe modified to, for example, arginine and serine to accommodate a tag.Of course, the amino acid residues of the N-terminus may also bemodified to accommodate tags. One particularly useful fusion proteincomprises a heterologous region from immunoglobulin that can be usedsolubilize proteins. For example, EP A0464 533 discloses fusion proteinscomprising various portions of constant region of immunoglobin moleculestogether with another human protein or part thereof. In many cases, theFc part in a fusion protein is thoroughly advantageous for use intherapy and diagnosis and thereby results, for example, in improvedpharmacokinetic properties (EP A0232 262). On the other hand, for someuses, it would be desirable to be able to delete the Fc part after thefusion protein has been expressed, detected and purified in theadvantageous manner described.

The fusion proteins of the current invention can be recovered andpurified from recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including,but not limited to, ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acidextraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulosechromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinitychromatography, e.g., immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC),hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Highperformance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”) may also be employed forpurification. Well-known techniques for refolding protein may beemployed to regenerate active conformation when the fusion protein isdenatured during isolation and/or purification.

Fusion proteins of the present invention include, but are not limitedto, products of chemical synthetic procedures and products produced byrecombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host, including,for example, bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells.Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant production procedure,the fusion proteins of the present invention may be glycosylated or maybe non-glycosylated. In addition, fusion proteins of the invention mayalso include an initial modified methionine residue, in some cases as aresult of host-mediated processes.

Modified thermostable GGBPs may also be modified, either by naturalprocesses, such as post-translational processing, or by chemicalmodification techniques, which are well known in the art. Suchmodifications are well described in basic texts and in more detailedmonographs, as well as in voluminous research literature. Modificationscan occur anywhere in the polypeptide chain, including the peptidebackbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini.It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be presentin the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptideor protein. Also, a given polypeptide or protein may contain more thanone modification. Examples of modifications include, but are not limitedto, glycosylation, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation,covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety,covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalentattachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment ofphosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bondformation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formationof cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation,gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation,iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolyticprocessing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation,sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteinssuch as arginylation, and ubiquitination. Polypeptides or proteins mayeven be branched as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic,with or without branching. (See, e.g., T. E. Creighton,Proteins—Structure And Molecular Properties, 2nd Ed., W. H. Freeman andCompany, New York (1993); Wold, F., “Posttranslational ProteinModifications: Perspectives and Prospects”, in PosttranslationalCovalent Modification Of Proteins, B. C. Johnson, Ed., Academic Press,New York (1983); Seifter et al., Methods in Enzymol, 182:626-646 (1990)and Rattan et al., Ann NY Acad. Sci., 663:48-62 (1992), all of which areincorporated herein by reference.

The reference proteins of the present invention may be modified bytechniques well known to those of skill in the art. Examples of suchtechniques include, but are not limited to, mutagenesis and directsynthesis of the modified proteins.

The modified thermostable proteins of the present invention may beisolated. As used herein, an “isolated protein” is intended to mean aprotein that has been completely or partially removed from its nativeenvironment. For example, polypeptides that have been removed orpurified from cells are considered isolated. In addition, recombinantlyproduced polypeptides molecules contained in host cells are consideredisolated for the purposes of the present invention. Similarly, proteinsthat have been synthesized are considered to be isolated proteins.

The invention also relates to isolated nucleic acids and to constructscomprising these nucleic acids. The nucleic acids of the invention canbe DNA or RNA, for example, mRNA. The nucleic acid molecules can bedouble-stranded or single-stranded; single stranded RNA or DNA can bethe coding, or sense, strand or the non-coding, or antisense, strand. Inparticular, the nucleic acids may encode the polypeptide of theinvention. If desired, the nucleotide sequence of the isolated nucleicacid can include additional non-coding sequences such as non-coding 3′and 5′ sequences (including regulatory sequences, for example).Additionally, the nucleic acids of the invention can be used as anucleic acid comprising a marker sequence, for example, a nucleotidesequence which encodes a polypeptide to assist in isolation orpurification of the polypeptide. Representative sequences include, butare not limited to, those which encode a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)fusion protein, a poly-histidine (e.g., His₆), poly-HN, poly-lysine,hemagglutinin, HSV-Tag, for example.

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention are “isolated.” As usedherein, an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule or nucleotide sequence isintended to mean a nucleic acid molecule or nucleotide sequence which isnot flanked by nucleotide sequences which normally flank the gene ornucleotide sequence (as in genomic sequences) and/or has been completelyor partially removed from its native environment (e.g., a cell, tissue).For example, an isolated nucleic acid of the invention may besubstantially isolated with respect to the complex cellular milieu inwhich it naturally occurs. In some instances, the isolated material willform part of a composition (for example, a crude extract containingother substances), buffer system or reagent mix. In other circumstances,the material may be purified to essential homogeneity, for example asdetermined by PAGE or column chromatography such as HPLC. Thus, anisolated nucleic acid molecule or nucleotide sequence can include anucleic acid molecule or nucleotide sequence which is synthesizedchemically, using recombinant DNA technology or using any other suitablemethod. Therefore, a recombinant nucleic acid contained in a vector isincluded in the definition of “isolated” as used herein. Also, isolatednucleotide sequences include recombinant nucleic acid molecules (e.g.,DNA, RNA) in heterologous organisms, as well as partially orsubstantially purified nucleic acids in solution. Both in vivo and invitro RNA transcripts of a DNA molecule of the present invention arealso encompassed by “isolated” nucleotide sequences.

The invention also encompasses variations of the nucleotide sequences ofthe invention, such as those encoding functional fragments or functionalderivatives of the polypeptides as described below. Such variations canbe naturally-occurring, or non-naturally-occurring, such as thoseinduced by various mutagens and mutagenic processes. Intended variationsinclude, but are not limited to, addition, deletion and substitution ofone or more nucleotides which can result in conservative ornon-conservative amino acid changes, including additions and deletions.In one aspect of the present invention, the variations of the nucleicacid molecules and proteins of the present invention comprisemodifications within the binding domain are silent or conserved; thatis, the modification do not substantially alter the characteristics oractivity of the encoded polypeptide relative to the modifiedthermostable GGBPs of the present invention. In another embodiment, thevariations of the nucleic acid molecules and proteins of the presentinvention comprise modifications within the binding domain that are notsilent or conserved; that is, the modification may substantially alterthe characteristics or activity of the encoded polypeptide relative tothe modified thermostable GGBPs of the present invention.

The invention described herein also relates to fragments of the isolatednucleic acid molecules described herein. The term “fragment” is intendedto encompass a portion of a nucleotide sequence described herein whichis from at least about 25 contiguous nucleotides to at least about 50contiguous nucleotides or longer in length. Such fragments may be usefulas probes and primers. In particular, primers and probes may selectivelyhybridize to the nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptidesdescribed herein. For example, fragments which encode polypeptides thatretain activity, as described below, are particularly useful.

The invention also pertains to nucleic acid molecules which hybridizeunder high stringency hybridization conditions, such as for selectivehybridization, to the nucleotide sequences described herein (e.g.,nucleic acid molecules which specifically hybridize to a nucleotidesequence encoding polypeptides described herein and encode athermostable GGBP). Hybridization probes include syntheticoligonucleotides which bind in a base-specific manner to a complementarystrand of nucleic acid. Suitable probes include polypeptide nucleicacids, as described in Nielsen et al., Science, 254:1497-1500 (1991).

Such nucleic acid molecules can be detected and/or isolated by specifichybridization e.g., under high stringency conditions. “Stringencyconditions” for hybridization is a term of art which refers to theincubation and wash conditions, e.g., conditions of temperature andbuffer concentration, which permit hybridization of a particular nucleicacid to a second nucleic acid; the first nucleic acid may be perfectlycomplementary, i.e., 100%, to the second, or the first and second mayshare some degree of complementarity which is less than perfect, e.g.,60%, 75%, 85%, 95% or more. For example, certain high stringencyconditions can be used which distinguish perfectly complementary nucleicacids from those of less complementarity.

“High stringency conditions”, “moderate stringency conditions” and “lowstringency conditions” for nucleic acid hybridizations are explained inCurrent Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, (1998)),which is incorporated by reference. The exact conditions which determinethe stringency of hybridization depend not only on ionic strength, e.g.,0.2×SSC, 0.1×SSC of the wash buffers, temperature, e.g., roomtemperature, 42° C., 68° C., etc., and the concentration ofdestabilizing agents such as formamide or denaturing agents such as SDS,but also on factors such as the length of the nucleic acid sequence,base composition, percent mismatch between hybridizing sequences and thefrequency of occurrence of subsets of that sequence within othernon-identical sequences. Thus, high, moderate or low stringencyconditions may be determined empirically.

By varying hybridization conditions from a level of stringency at whichno hybridization occurs to a level at which hybridization is firstobserved, conditions which will allow a given sequence to hybridize withthe most similar sequences in the sample can be determined.

Exemplary conditions are described in Krause, M. H. and S. A. Aaronson,Methods in Enzymology, 200:546-556 (1991), which is incorporated byreference. Washing is the step in which conditions are usually set so asto determine a minimum level of complementarity of the hybrids.Generally, starting from the lowest temperature at which only homologoushybridization occurs, each degree (° C.) by which the final washtemperature is reduced, while holding SSC concentration constant, allowsan increase by 1% in the maximum extent of mismatching among thesequences that hybridize. Generally, doubling the concentration of SSCresults in an increase in Tm. Using these guidelines, the washingtemperature can be determined empirically for high, moderate or lowstringency, depending on the level of mismatch sought. Exemplary highstringency conditions include, but are not limited to, hybridization in50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60°C. Example of progressively higher stringency conditions include, afterhybridization, washing with 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at about roomtemperature (low stringency conditions); washing with 0.2×SSC, and 0.1%SDS at about 42° C. (moderate stringency conditions); and washing with0.1×SSC at about 68° C. (high stringency conditions). Washing can becarried out using only one of these conditions, e.g., high stringencyconditions, washing may encompass two or more of the stringencyconditions in order of increasing stringency. Optimal conditions willvary, depending on the particular hybridization reaction involved, andcan be determined empirically.

Equivalent conditions can be determined by varying one or more of theparameters given as an example, as known in the art, while maintaining asimilar degree of identity or similarity between the target nucleic acidmolecule and the primer or probe used. Hybridizable nucleotide sequencesare useful as probes and primers for identification of organismscomprising a nucleic acid of the invention and/or to isolate a nucleicacid of the invention, for example. The term “primer” is used herein asit is in the art and refers to a single-stranded oligonucleotide whichacts as a point of initiation of template-directed DNA synthesis underappropriate conditions in an appropriate buffer and at a suitabletemperature. The appropriate length of a primer depends on the intendeduse of the primer, but typically ranges from about 15 to about 30nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require coolertemperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with thetemplate. A primer need not reflect the exact sequence of the template,but must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with a template. Theterm “primer site” refers to the area of the target DNA to which aprimer hybridizes. The term “primer pair” refers to a set of primersincluding a 5′ (upstream) primer that hybridizes with the 5′ end of theDNA sequence to be amplified and a 3′ (downstream) primer thathybridizes with the complement of the 3′ end of the sequence to beamplified.

The nucleic acids described herein can be amplified by methods known inthe art. For example, amplification can be accomplished by thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR). See PCR Technology: Principles andApplications for DNA Amplification (ed. H. A. Erlich, Freeman Press, NY,N.Y., 1992); PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (eds.Innis, et al., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1990); Mattila et al.,Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4967 (1991); Eckert et al., PCR Methods andApplications 1:17 (1991); PCR (eds. McPherson et al., IRL Press,Oxford); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202, all of which are incorporated byreference. Other suitable amplification methods include the ligase chainreaction (LCR) (see Wu and Wallace, Genomics, 4:560 (1989), Landegren etal., Science, 241:1077 (1988), both of which are incorporated byreference), transcription amplification (Kwoh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA, 86:1173 (1989), incorporated by reference), and self-sustainedsequence replication (Guatelli et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA,87:1874 (1990) incorporated by reference) and nucleic acid basedsequence amplification (NASBA).

The present invention also relates to vectors that include DNA moleculesof the present invention, host cells that are genetically engineeredwith vectors of the invention and the production of proteins of theinvention by recombinant techniques.

In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the vector may be, forexample, a plasmid vector, a single- or double-stranded phage vector, ora single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA viral vector. Such vectors maybe introduced into cells as polynucleotides, preferably DNA, bywell-known techniques for introducing DNA and RNA into cells. Viralvectors may be replication competent or replication defective. In thelatter, case viral propagation generally will occur only incomplementing host cells.

Preferred among vectors, in certain respects, are those for expressionof polynucleotides and proteins of the present invention. Generally,such vectors comprise cis-acting control regions effective forexpression in a host operatively linked to the polynucleotide to beexpressed. Appropriate trans-acting factors are supplied by the host,supplied by a complementing vector or supplied by the vector itself uponintroduction into the host.

A great variety of expression vectors can be used to express theproteins of the invention. Such vectors include chromosomal, episomaland virus-derived vectors, e.g., vectors derived from bacterialplasmids, from bacteriophage, from yeast episomes, from yeastchromosomal elements, from viruses such as adeno-associated virus,lentivirus, baculoviruses, papova viruses, such as SV40, vacciniaviruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses andretroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof, such asthose derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, such ascosmids and phagemids. All may be used for expression in accordance withthis aspect of the present invention. Generally, any vector suitable tomaintain, propagate or express polynucleotides or proteins in a host maybe used for expression in this regard.

The DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked toappropriate expression control sequence(s) including, for instance, apromoter to direct mRNA transcription. Representatives of such promotersinclude, but are not limited to, the phage lambda PL promoter, the E.coli lac, trp and tac promoters, HIV promoters, the SV40 early and latepromoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name just a few of thewell-known promoters. In general, expression constructs will containsites for transcription, initiation and termination and, in thetranscribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The codingportion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs willinclude a translation initiating AUG at the beginning and a terminationcodon (UAA, UGA or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of thepolypeptide to be translated.

In addition, the constructs may contain control regions that regulate,as well as engender expression. Generally, such regions will operate bycontrolling transcription, such as repressor binding sites andenhancers, among others.

Vectors for propagation and expression generally will include selectablemarkers. Such markers also may be suitable for amplification or thevectors may contain additional markers for this purpose. In this regard,the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable markergenes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed hostcells. Preferred markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycinresistance for eukaryotic cell culture, and tetracycline, kanamycin orampicillin resistance genes for culturing E. coli and other bacteria.

The vector containing the appropriate DNA sequence, as well as anappropriate promoter, and other appropriate control sequences, may beintroduced into an appropriate host using a variety of well-knowntechniques suitable to expression therein of a desired polypeptide.Representative examples of appropriate hosts include bacterial cells,such as E. coli, Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungalcells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 andSpodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS and Bowes melanomacells; and plant cells. Hosts for of a great variety of expressionconstructs are well known, and those of skill in the art will be enabledby the present disclosure to select an appropriate host for expressingone of the proteins of the present invention.

Examples of vectors for use in bacteria include, but are not limited to,pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.);pVEXK-HN-K6 available from Nature Technology Corp (Lincoln, Nebr.), pBSvectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNHSA, pNH16a, pNH18A,pNH46A, available from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.); ptrc99a, pKK223-3,pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech(Piscataway, N.J.); and pEGFP-C1, pEYFP-C1, pDsRed2-C1,pDsRed2-Express-C1, and pAcGFP1, pAcGFP-C1, pZsYellow-C1, available fromClontech (Palo Alto, Calif.). Examples of eukaryotic vectors include,but are limited to, pW-LNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG available fromStratagene; pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia; andpCMVDsRed2-express, pIRES2-DsRed2, pDsRed2-Mito, pCMV-EGFP availablefrom Clontech. Many other commercially available and well-known vectorsare available to those of skill in the art. Selection of appropriatevectors and promoters for expression in a host cell is a well-knownprocedure and the requisite techniques for expression vectorconstruction, introduction of the vector into the host and expression inthe host are routine skills in the art.

The present invention also relates to host cells containing theabove-described constructs. The host cell can be a higher eukaryoticcell, such as a mammalian cell, or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as ayeast cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as abacterial cell. The host cell can be stably or transiently transfectedwith the construct. The polynucleotides may be introduced alone or withother polynucleotides. Such other polynucleotides may be introducedindependently, co-introduced or introduced joined to the polynucleotidesof the invention.

Introduction of a construct into the host cell can be effected bycalcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection,cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction,infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standardlaboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods in MolecularBiology (1986), incorporated by reference.

The current invention also relates to methods of producing a modifiedthermostable GGBP comprising culturing the host cells of the inventionunder conditions such that the modified thermostable GGBP is expressed,and recovering said protein. The culture conditions required to expressthe proteins of the current invention are dependent upon the host cellsthat are harboring the polynucleotides of the current invention. Theculture conditions for each cell type are well-known in the art and canbe easily optimized, if necessary. For example, a nucleic acid encodinga polypeptide of the invention, or a construct comprising such nucleicacid, can be introduced into a suitable host cell by a methodappropriate to the host cell selected, e.g., transformation,transfection, electroporation, infection, such that the nucleic acid isoperably linked to one or more expression control elements as describedherein. Host cells can be maintained under conditions suitable forexpression in vitro or in vivo, whereby the encoded polypeptide isproduced. For example host cells may be maintained in the presence of aninducer, suitable media supplemented with appropriate salts, growthfactors, antibiotic, nutritional supplements, etc., which may facilitateprotein expression. In additional embodiments, the modified thermostableGGBPs of the invention can be produced by in vitro translation of anucleic acid that encodes the modified thermostable GGBP, by chemicalsynthesis or by any other suitable method. If desired, the modifiedthermostable GGBP can be isolated from the host cell or otherenvironment in which the protein is produced or secreted. It shouldtherefore be appreciated that the method of producing the modifiedthermostable GGBPs encompasses expression of the polypeptide in a hostcell of a transgenic animal or plant. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,857,5,990,385, and 5,994,616, which are incorporated by reference.

The modified thermostable GGBPs of the present invention are useful in avariety of applications, such as industrial processes, and as componentsof biosensors to detect, monitor or measure analyte quantities in asample. Biosensors are devices capable of providing specificquantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using abiological recognition element, such as a GGBP or a modified GGBP, whichis combined with a transducing (detecting) element. Examples of analytesinclude, but are not limited to, carbohydrates such as monosaccharides,disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, proteins, peptidesand amino acids, including, but not limited to, oligopeptides,polypeptides and mature proteins, nucleic acids, oligonucleotides,polynucleotides, lipids, fatty acids, lipoproteins, proteoglycans,glycoproteins, organic compounds, inorganic compounds, ions, andsynthetic and natural polymers. In one embodiment, the analyte is acarbohydrate. In particular, the carbohydrate analyte may be a sugar,such as glucose, galactose or ribose. More particularly, the analyte maybe glucose.

The analyte is measured in a sample. As used herein, a sample can be anyenvironment that may be suspected of containing the analyte to bemeasured. Thus, a sample includes, but is not limited to, a solution, acell, a body fluid, a tissue or portion thereof, and an organ or portionthereof. When a sample includes a cell, the cell can be a prokaryotic oreukaryotic cell, for example, an animal cell. Examples of animal cellsinclude, but are not limited to, insect, avian, and mammalian such as,for example, bovine, equine, porcine, canine, feline, human and nonhumanprimates. The scope of the invention should not be limited by the celltype assayed. Examples of biological fluids to be assayed include, butare not limited to, blood, urine, saliva, synovial fluid, interstitialfluid, cerebrospinal fluid, lymphatic fluids, bile and amniotic fluid.The scope of the methods of the present invention should not be limitedby the type of body fluid assayed. The terms “subject” and “patient” areused interchangeably herein and are used to mean an animal, particularlya mammal, more particularly a human or nonhuman primate.

The samples may or may not have been removed from their nativeenvironment. Thus, the portion of sample assayed need not be separatedor removed from the rest of the sample or from a subject that maycontain the sample. For example, the blood of a subject may be assayedfor glucose without removing any of the blood from the patient. Ofcourse, the sample may also be removed from its native environment.Furthermore, the sample may be processed prior to being assayed. Forexample, the sample may be diluted or concentrated; the sample may bepurified and/or at least one compound, such as an internal standard, maybe added to the sample. The sample may also be physically altered (e.g.,centrifugation, affinity separation) or chemically altered (e.g., addingan acid, base or buffer, heating) prior to or in conjunction with themethods of the current invention. Processing also includes freezingand/or preserving the sample prior to assaying.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to methods ofsterilizing GGBPs. Methods of sterilizing periplasmic binding proteins(PBPs) are described in WO 2007/022485 published Feb. 22, 2007, which ishereby incorporated by reference. Specifically, the sterilizationmethods of the present invention comprise exposing the thermostableGGBPs of the present invention to at least one radiation source.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the thermostable GGBPs areplaced in the presence of at least one free radical scavenger prior toexposure to the radiation. Free radical scavengers are well known in theart, and the invention is not limited to identity of the scavenger towhich the thermostable GGBP is exposed. Examples of free radicalscavengers include but are not limited to ascorbic acid, glutathione,tocopherols and tocotrienols. Additional examples of free radicalscavengers include enzymes such, but not limited to, super oxidedismutase, catalyses and peroxidases. In one specific embodiment, thefree radical scavenger is sodium ascorbate. In more specificembodiments, the sodium ascorbate is present in concentrations of atleast about 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 25 mM, 35 mM, 50 mM, 75 mM, 100 mM, 125mM, 150 mM, 175 mM, 200 mM, 250 mM, 300 mM or more. For example,solutions of an acrylodan-labeled thermostable GGBP of the invention(100 μM) can be prepared in phosphate buffered saline containing 0, 25,or 200 mM L(+)-ascorbic acid sodium salt. Sterilization can then beperformed with gamma or e-beam irradiation (e.g. ˜10 to ˜20 kGy).

The thermostable GGBPs may also be placed into devices, such as, but notlimited to biosensors. In one embodiment, the biosensors comprise amatrix that entraps the thermostable GGBPs. As used herein, “matrix”refers to essentially a three-dimensional environment which has at leastone binding molecule immobilized therein for the purpose of measuring adetectable signal from ligand-protein interaction. Examples of matricesthat are capable of entrapping the thermostable GGBPs are disclosed inUnited States Patent Publication No. 2005/0923155, published 27 Oct.2005, which is incorporated by reference. The relationship between theconstituents of the matrix and the thermostable GGBPs include, but arenot limited to covalent, ionic, and van der Wals interactions andcombinations thereof. The spatial relationship between the matrix andthermostable GGBPs includes heterogeneous and homogeneous distributionwithin and or upon any or all of the matrix volume. The matrix may becomprised of organic, inorganic, glass, metal, plastic, or combinationsthereof. The matrix may also allow the biosensor to be incorporated atthe distal end of a fiber or other small minimally invasive probe to beinserted within the tissue of a patient, to enable an episodic,continuous, or programmed reading to the patient. Information from thebiosensor to the patient may be provided, for example, by telemetry,visual, audio, or other means known in the art, for example, as taughtin U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,313, U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,661, U.S. Pat. No.5,894,351, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,789 as well as United StatesPublication No. 2005/0113658 and in Beach, R. D., et al. IEEETransactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (1999) 48, 6, p.1239-1245, all of which are incorporated by reference. Informationincludes electrical, mechanical, and actinic radiation suitable forderiving analyte concentration or change in concentration, as issuitable.

As mentioned above, the thermostable GGBPs may be entrapped within amatrix, such as a hydrogel, which may then be used as an implantabledevice. As used herein, the term “entrap” and variations thereof is usedinterchangeably with “encapsulate” and is used to mean that the bindingmolecule is immobilized within or on the constituents of the matrix. Thematrix can be in any desirable form or shape including one or more ofdisk, cylinder, patch, nanoparticle, microsphere, porous polymer, opencell foam, and combinations thereof, providing it permits permeabilityto analyte. The matrix additionally prevents leaching of the biosensor.The matrix permits light from optical sources or any other interrogatinglight to or from the reporter group to pass through the biosensor. Whenused in an in vivo application, the biosensor will be exposed to asubstantially physiological range of analyte and determination ordetection of a change in analyte concentration would be desired whereasthe determination or detection includes continuous, programmed, andepisodic detection means. Thus, in one embodiment of the presentinvention, the envisaged in vivo biosensor comprises at least onemutated binding protein in an analyte permeable entrapping orencapsulating matrix such that the mutated binding protein provides adetectable and reversible signal when the mutated binding protein isexposed to varying analyte concentrations, and the detectable andreversible signal can be related to the concentration of the analyte.The implantable biosensors may, in some embodiments, be implanted intoor below the skin of a mammal's epidermal-dermal junction to interactwith the interstitial fluid, tissue, or other biological fluids. In onespecific embodiment, biosensor is implanted in the skin at a depth ofless than about 2 mm. In a more specific embodiment, biosensor isimplanted in the skin at a depth of less than about 1 mm. In an evenmore specific embodiment, biosensor is implanted in the skin at a depthof less than about 0.8 mm. Information from the implant to the patientmay be provided, for example, by telemetry, visual, audio, or othermeans known in the art, as previously stated.

The matrix may be prepared from biocompatible materials or incorporatesmaterials capable of minimizing adverse reactions with the body. Adversereactions for implants include inflammation, protein fouling, tissuenecrosis, immune response and leaching of toxic materials. Suchmaterials or treatments are well known and practiced in the art, forexample as taught by Quinn, C. P.; Pathak, C. P.; Heller, A.; Hubbell,J. A. Biomaterials 1995, 16(5), 389-396, and Quinn, C. A. P.; Connor, R.E.; Heller, A. Biomaterials 1997, 18(24), 1665-1670.

In one aspect of the present invention, the thermostable GGBPs may beentrapped or encapsulated within a matrix that is derived substantiallyfrom a hydrogel. The term “hydrogel” is used to indicate awater-insoluble, water-containing material.

Numerous hydrogels may be used in the present invention. The hydrogelsmay be, for example, polysaccharides such as agarose, dextran,carrageenan, alginic acid, starch, cellulose, or derivatives of thesesuch as, e.g., carboxymethyl derivatives, or a water-swellable organicpolymer such as, e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid,polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, copolymers of styrene and maleicanhydride, copolymers of vinyl ether and maleic anhydride and derivatesthereof. Derivatives providing for covalently crosslinked networks arepreferred. Synthesis and biomedical and pharmaceutical applications ofhydrogels based on, comprising polypeptides, have been described by anumber of researchers. (See, e.g. “Biosensors Fundamentals andApplications”, edited by A. D. F. Turner, I. Karube and G. S. Wilson;published from Oxford University Press, in 1988). An exemplary hydrogelmatrix derived from a water-soluble, UV crosslinkable polymer comprisespoly(vinyl alcohol),N-methyl-4(4′-formylstyryl)pyridinium methosulphateacetal (CAS Reg. No. [107845-59-0]) available from PolyScienceWarrington, Pa.

The polymers that are to be used in the matrices, such as hydrogels,used in the present invention may be functionalized. Of course, polymersused in other matrices may also be functionalized. That is, the polymersor monomers comprising the polymers should possess reactive groups suchthat the polymeric matrices, such as hydrogels, are amenable to chemicalreactions, e.g., covalent attachment. As used herein and throughout, a“reactive group” is a chemical group that can chemically react with asecond group. The reactive group of the polymer or monomers comprisingthe polymer may itself be an entire chemical entity or it may be aportion of an entire chemical entity, including, but not limited tosingle atoms or ions. Further, the second group with which the reactivegroup is capable of reacting can be the same or different from thereactive group of the polymer or monomers comprising the polymers.Examples of reactive groups include, but are not limited to, halogens,amines, amides, aldehydes, acrylates, vinyls, hydroxyls and carboxyls.In one embodiment, the polymers or monomers comprising the polymers ofthe hydrogel should be functionalized with carboxylic acid, sulfate,hydroxy or amine groups. In another embodiment of the present invention,the polymers or monomers comprising the polymers of the hydrogel arefunctionalized with one or more acrylate groups. In one particularembodiment, the acrylate functional groups are terminal groups. Thereactive groups of the polymers or monomers comprising the polymers ofthe matrix may be reactive with any component of the matrix portion ofthe biosensor, such as, but not limited to, another polymer or monomerwithin the matrix, a binding protein and an additive.

Once formed, the core of any hydrogels used in the present inventionshould comprise polymers to form a polymeric hydrogel. Regardless of itsapplication, the term “polymer” herein is used to refer to moleculescomposed of multiple monomer units. Suitable polymers which may be usedin the present invention include, but are not limited to, one or more ofthe polymers selected from the group consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol),polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl pyrolidone), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO),hydrolysed polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid,poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyurethane polyethylene amine,poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose, alginic acid, pectinic acid, hyaluronic acid, heparin,heparin sulfate, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, chitin, collagen,pullulan, gellan, xanthan, carboxymethyl dextran, chondroitin sulfate,cationic guar, cationic starch as well as salts and esters thereof. Thepolymers of the matrix, such as a hydrogel, may also comprise polymersof two or more distinct monomers. Monomers used to create copolymers foruse in the matrices include, but are not limited to acrylate,methacrylate, methacrylic acid, alkylacrylates, phenylacrylates,hydroxyalkylacrylates, hydroxyalkylmethacrylates, aminoalkylacrylates,aminoalkylmethacrylates, alkyl quaternary salts ofaminoalkylacrylamides, alkyl quaternary salts ofaminoalkylmethacrylamides, and combinations thereof. Polymer componentsof the matrix may, of course, include blends of other polymers. In oneparticular embodiment of the present invention, a hydrogel biosensorcomprises a binding molecule and a matrix, with the matrix comprising ahydrogel of copolymers of (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and methacrylicacid. In another particular embodiment of the present invention, ahydrogel biosensor comprises a binding molecule and a matrix hydrogel ofcopolymers of (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), methacrylic acid, and alkylquaternary salts of methacrylamides.

The polymers used in the matrices can be modified to containnucleophilic or electrophilic groups. Indeed, the polymers used in thepresent invention may further comprise polyfunctional small moleculesthat do not contain repeating monomer units but are polyfunctional,i.e., containing two or more nucleophilic or electrophilic functionalgroups. These polyfunctional groups may readily be incorporated intoconventional polymers by multiple covalent bond-forming reactions. Forexample, PEG can be modified to contain one or more amino groups toprovide a nucleophilic group. Examples of other polymers that containone or more nucleophilic groups include, but are not limited to,polyamines such as ethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine,pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine,bis-(2-aminoethyl)amine, and tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine. Examples ofelectrophilic groups include but are not limited to, succinimide esters,epoxides, hydroxybenzotriazole esters, oxycarbonylimidazoles,nitrophenyl carbonates, tresylates, mesylates, tosylates, carboxylates,and isocyanates. In one embodiment, the composition comprises abis-amine-terminated poly(ethylene glycol).

The polymers should be capable of crosslinking, either physically orchemically, to form a matrix, such as a hydrogel. Physical crosslinkingincludes, but is not limited to, such non-chemical processes asradiation treatment such as electron beams, gamma rays, x-rays,ultraviolet light, anionic and cationic treatments. The crosslinking ofthe polymers may also comprise chemical crosslinking, such as covalentcrosslinking. For example, a chemical crosslinking system may include,but is not limited to, the use of enzymes, which is well-known in theart. Another example of the chemical covalent crosslinking comprises theuse of peroxide. Chemical crosslinking may occur when a crosslinkingreagent reacts with at least two portions of a polymer to create athree-dimensional network. Covalent crosslinking may also occur whenmultifunctional monomers are used during the crosslinking process. Forexample, an acrylate monomer may be polymerized with a bifunctionalacrylate monomer to form a crosslinked polymer. Any crosslinking reagentwill be suitable for the present invention, provided the crosslinkingreagent will at least partially dissolve in water or an organic solventand can form the crosslinked polymer. For example, if the polymer is anamine-terminated PEG, the crosslinking reagent should be capable ofreacting with the PEG-amine groups and be substantially soluble inwater. In another example, (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and methacrylicacid monomers can be polymerized with poly(ethyleneglycol)-bis-alkylacrylate crosslinking agent in water or indimethylformide to form polymeric hydrogels.

If the polymers to be crosslinked are functionalized with nucleophilicgroups, such as amines (primary, secondary and tertiary), thiols,thioethers, esters, nitriles, and the like, the crosslinking reagent canbe a molecule containing an electrophilic group. Examples ofelectrophilic groups have been described herein. Likewise, if polymersto be crosslinked are functionalized with electrophilic groups, thecrosslinking reagent can be a molecule containing a nucleophilic group.It is understood that one skilled in the art can exchange thenucleophilic and electrophilic functional groups as described abovewithout deviating from the scope of the present embodiment. It is alsounderstood that the binding molecule can provide the requisitenucleophilic and electrophilic functional groups. For example, where thebinding molecule is a protein, the nucleophilic and electrophilicfunctional groups may be present as naturally occurring amino acids inthe protein, or may be introduced to the protein using chemicaltechniques described herein.

Other general methods for preparing or crosslinking polymers to formmatrices such as hydrogels are well known in the art. For example,Ghandehari H., et al., J. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 197: 965 (1996); andIshihara K, et al., Polymer J., 16: 625 (1984), all of which are herebyincorporated by reference, report the formation of hydrogels. Hydrogelmatrix can be applied to each sensor tip, e.g., a needle, and curedunder a Hg lamp, with wavelength of >360 nm, for about 15 seconds.

The thermostable GGBPs can be covalently attached to or non-covalentlyentrapped or encapsulated within a matrix, such as, but not limited to,a hydrogel. In one embodiment of the present invention, the bindingmolecules are covalently attached to, i.e., entrapped within, ahydrogel. The covalent attachment of the binding molecule to thehydrogel should not interfere with the binding of the binding moleculeto the target ligand. Furthermore, the covalent attachment of thebinding molecule to the hydrogel should be resistant to degradation. Thefunctional group in one embodiment is a polymer or other component ofthe hydrogel that serves to couple the binding molecule to the hydrogel.The coupling of the binding molecule to the hydrogel can be accomplishedin any number of ways. For example, coupling reactions between thehydrogel and binding molecule include, but are not limited to, diazoniumcoupling, isothiocyano coupling, hydrazide coupling, amide formation,disulfide coupling, maleic anhydride coupling, thiolactone coupling, anddichlotriazine coupling. These coupling reactions between two functionalgroups are well documented, and are considered well known to thoseskilled in the art. For example, an amino functional group in a bindingmolecule can be covalently coupled to a carboxyl functional group of oneor more components of a hydrogel using coupling agents such as1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) ordicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). It is understood that the amino andcarboxyl functional groups of the binding molecule and one or morecomponents of the hydrogel as described above can be transposed withoutdeviating from the scope of the embodiment.

In one embodiment, the matrix comprises polyethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA). The ratio of PEGDMAto MAA may vary among specific embodiments. In one embodiment the rationof PEGDMA:MAA can range from about 10:90 mol % to about 90:10 mol %. Inone specific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 20:80 mol %.In another specific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 21:79mol %. In another specific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about23:77 mol %. In another specific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA isabout 25:75 mol %. In another specific embodiment, the ratio ofPEGDMA:MAA is about 27:73 mol %. In another specific embodiment, theratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 29:71 mol %. In another specificembodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 30:70 mol %. In anotherspecific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 35:65 mol %. Inanother specific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 40:60 mol%. In another specific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about42:58 mol %. In another specific embodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA isabout 44:56 mol %. In another specific embodiment, the ratio ofPEGDMA:MAA is about 46:54 mol %. In another specific embodiment, theratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 48:52 mol %. In another specificembodiment, the ratio of PEGDMA:MAA is about 50:50 mol %. Initiators,such as HMPP, may also be present in various concentrations in thehydrogel. For example, photoinitiators may be present in concentrationsfrom about 0.10% to about 5% total volume. In one embodiment, thephotoinitiator is present in concentrations of from about 0.1% to about1%. In a specific embodiment, the photoinitiator is present at leastabout 0.20% total volume. In a specific embodiment, the photoinitiatoris present at least about 0.25% total volume. In a specific embodiment,the photoinitiator is present at least about 0.30% total volume. In aspecific embodiment, the photoinitiator is present at least about 0.35%total volume. In a specific embodiment, the photoinitiator is present atleast about 0.40% total volume.

As discussed herein, the biosensors of the present invention maycomprise the thermostable GGBPs entrapped in a polymeric matrix, thatis, in turn, contained within a needle tip. Some sensors, such assubcutaneous implants, typically demonstrate a lag time. In particular,larger gauge sensors, i.e., 21 and 25, gauge are too large to accuratelyread in shallow skin depths. Shallow depth skin tissue glucose levelsappear to have little, if any, time lag when compared to the glucosevalue in blood. This shallow depth penetration enables the sampling ofinterstitial fluids for accurate glucose concentrations levels, withalmost no lag time. In one embodiment, therefore, the needle of thebiosensor is a 31 gauge needle or smaller that is capable of penetratinga subject's skin at shallow depths, e.g., less than about 2 mm, lessthan about 1 mm, or even less than about 0.8 mm, and providing accurateglucose readings with little or no time lag.

The invention also relates to devices comprising the thermostable GGBPsof the present invention. The devices, in general, comprise: (i) anoptical conduit having a proximal end and a distal end; and (ii) asensing element in optical proximity to the distal end of the opticalconduit that comprises at least one of the thermostable GGBPs of thepresent invention and at least one reporter group.

The optical conduit, which may vary in length from approximately 0.1 cmto 1 meter, couples light into and out of an optical system and into andout of the sensing element. For example, the optical conduit may be alens, a reflective channel, a needle, or an optical fiber. The opticalfiber may be either a single strand of optical fiber (single ormultimode) or a bundle of more than one fiber. In one embodiment, thebundle of fibers is bifurcated. The fiber may be non-tapered or taperedso that it can penetrate the skin of a patient.

An optical system may be connected to the proximal end of the opticalconduit. The optical system consists of a combination of one or moreexcitation sources and one or more detectors. It may also consist offilters, dichroic elements, a power supply, and electronics for signaldetection and modulation. The optical system may optionally include amicroprocessor.

The optical system interrogates the sample either continuously orintermittently by coupling one or more interrogating wavelengths oflight into the optical conduit. The one or more interrogatingwavelengths then pass through the optical conduit and illuminate thesensing element. A change in analyte concentration may result in achange of the wavelength, intensity, lifetime, energy transferefficiency, and/or polarization of the luminescence of the reportergroup, which is a part of the sensing element. The resulting changedluminescence signal passes back through the optical conduit to theoptical system where it is detected, interpreted, and stored and/ordisplayed. In certain embodiments, the optical system comprises multipleexcitation sources. One or more of these sources may be modulated topermit dynamic signal processing of the detected signal, therebyenhancing signal-to-noise and detection sensitivity. Modulation may alsobe used to reduce power consumption by the device or to increase thelifetime of the sensing element by minimizing undesirable phenomena suchas photobleaching. The optical system can also include one or moreelectromagnetic energy detectors that can be used for detecting theluminescence signal from the reporter and optional reference groups aswell as for internal referencing and/or calibration. The overall powerconsumption of the optical system is kept small to permit the device tobe operated using battery power.

The following examples are illustrative and are not intended to limitthe scope of the invention described herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction and Production of Modified ThermostableGGBPs

Amino acid residues of the GGBP termed “3M-GGBP” (SEQ ID NO:3),including several asparagine and glutamine residues, were selected forsubstitution based on their a consensus alignment of similar amino acidsequences in wild-type E. coli GGBP (SEQ ID NO:1) as determined by aBLASTP search. In particular, the following 21 amino acids of 3M-GGBPwere selected for substitution: asparagine 39 (N39), aspartic acid 50(D50), glutamine 51 (Q51), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83),asparagine 84 (N84), asparagine 130 (N130), glutamine 175 (Q175),glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine 198 (G198), proline199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259(N259), asparagine 260 (N260), lysine 270 (K270), asparagine 271 (N271),asparagine 283 (N283), tryptophan 284 (W284) and asparagine 302 (N302).

Each of the 21 selected residues of 3M-GGBP was then separatelysubstituted to create 13 initial modified GGBPs. Alignments of proteinswith similar amino acid sequences to wild-type E. coli GGBP (SEQ IDNO:1) as determined by a BLASTP search was used to determine theidentity of the replacement amino acid (see Table I). Modified 3M-GGBPswere generated in the 3M-GGBP construct using the QuikChange™ method(Stratagene). Oligonucleotides were designed to replace targetedresidues with other amino acids. In some cases, the oligonucleotideswere designed to replace up to three amino acids at a particular locus,e.g., G82, Q83, and N84. Using a standard reaction mixture, PCR, and thedesigned oligonucleotides, mutations were made in the template 3M-GGBPplasmid. After PCR, the product was digested with DpnI and transformedinto E. coli according to the QuikChange protocol. After transformationinto E. coli, plasmid DNA was purified and the desired sequence changewas verified by DNA sequencing. Each of the thirteen modifications,shown in Table I below, was generated and verified in this manner,creating a DNA template for a modified 3M-GGBP.

In a similar fashion, amino acids of a GGBP termed “W183C” (SEQ ID NO:4)can be modified. In particular, the following 21 amino acids of W183Care selected for substitution: asparagine 39 (N39), aspartic acid 50(D50), glutamine 51 (Q51), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83),asparagine 84 (N84), asparagine 130 (N130), glutamine 175 (Q175),glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine 198 (G198), proline199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259(N259), asparagine 260 (N260), lysine 270 (K270), asparagine 271 (N271),asparagine 283 (N283), tryptophan 284 (W284) and asparagine 302 (N302).

The same substitutions that were placed into the 3M-GGBP, above, werechosen as substitutions for modifying the W183C. Modified W183Cs weregenerated in the W183C construct using the QuikChange™ method(Stratagene). Using a standard reaction mixture, PCR, and the designedoligonucleotides, modifications were made in the template 3M-GGBPplasmid. After PCR, the product was digested with DpnI and transformedinto E. coli according to the QuikChange protocol. After transformationinto E. coli, plasmid DNA was purified and the desired sequence changewas verified by DNA sequencing.

The modified GGBP were expressed from E. coli strain Sg13009 followingstandard protocols (Qiagen). After induction, bacteria were lysed usingBugbuster protein extraction reagent (Novagen) and purified by IMACusing Talon cobalt²⁺ resin (Clontech). The purified protein in solutionwas filtered through 100 kDa cutoff filter and then concentrated using a10 kDa cutoff filter (Millipore). The protein (1-2 mg/ml) was dialyzedat 4° C. into a solution containing 1M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, and 50 mMNaPO₄ (pH 8) and stored at 4° C. Under these conditions the protein wasactive for at least six months. The yield from the purification wasapproximately 10 mg/l. TABLE I Modification(s) 1 N39I 2 D50K, Q51H 3G82E, Q83K, N84D 4 N130D 5 Q175E, Q177H, L178M 6 Q175I, Q177E 7 G198S,P199S, N200K 8 N226G 9 N226K 10 N259E, N260S 11 K270Y, N271S 12 N283D,W284L 13 N302T

Example 2 Determining the Melting Temperature of the Modified GGBPs

Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra were preformed on a JASCO J-810. Samplesof purified fluorophore-labeled proteins were exhaustively dialyzed intophosphate buffered saline (PBS) (comprised of 137 mM NaCl, 10 mMphosphate and 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4). The loss of secondary structure of 3M-GGBP and W183C-GGBP was observed by recording the CD signal at 222 nmas a function of temperature. During the experiment, the temperature ofthe sample changed at a rate of ˜1° C./min between 20 and 80° C. Theapparent melting temperature at the midpoint of the transition (Tm) wasobtained by fitting the experimental data points (CD signal versustemperature) with a sigmoidal function.

Table II below depicts the results from the circular dichroism study ofeach of the thirteen modified GGBPs. Modified proteins 1, 3, 5 and 10had the greatest increase of T_(m) over the reference protein. TABLE IINo. Modification(s) +Δm −ΔTm 1 N39I 1 2 D50K, Q51H ND ND 3 G82E, Q83K,N84D 1.5 4 N130D 5.2 5 Q175E, Q177H, L178M 3 6 Q175I, Q177E 0.3 7 G198S,P199S, N200K 0.5 8 N226G 0.9 9 N226K 0.3 10 N259E, N260S 3.6 11 K270Y,N271S 3.5 12 N283D, W284L 3.7 13 N302T 0.2

Example 3 Constructing a Modified Thermostable GGBP with Multiple AminoAcid Substitutions

Based on the results from Example 2, two separate modified GGBPs wereconstructed comprising the residue substitution numbers N39I, G82E,Q83K, N84D, Q175E, Q177H, L178M, N259E and N260S from the previousexample. In this example, the two reference proteins were 3M-GGBP andW183C. Both modified proteins were constructed as in Example 1. Briefly,a construct encoding a substituted locus was constructed and DNA wassequenced for verification. Plasmid DNAs were then used as the templateDNAs to add the substituted locus, thus generating a plasmid DNA vectorscoding for either 3M-GGBP protein (SEQ ID NO:3), or W183C (SEQ ID NO:4),except that each sequence comprised substitutions corresponding to N39I,G82E, Q83K, N84D, Q175E, Q177H, L178M, N259E and N260S.

Example 4 Labeling the Modified Thermostable GGBP

The SM4 protein, which is W183C with mutations 1, 3, 5 and 10 (see TableI) was labeled with a fluorescent entity (acrylodan), and 3M-GGBP wasmutations 1, 3, 5 and 10 from Table I was labeled with a fluorescententity (IANBD) using the methods as described in United States PatentPublication No. 2005/0112685, published 26 May 2005, which isincorporated by reference.

The SM4 was labeled in the following manner. Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO—6.14 mL) was added to a solution (100 mg in 60.3 mL PBS, pH 7.4)of the modified GGBP protein of Example 5 (with the affinity tags). Analiquot of 565 μL of 12 mM acrylodan in DMSO was then added to thesolution. The final percentage of DMSO in the solution was about 10%.The flask was wrapped in aluminum foil and was stirred for 4 h at roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was then centrifuged for 10 min at26,712 RCF (relative centrifugal force). The supernatant was removed andpassed through a 5 μm Supor filter (Pall Corporation, East Hills, N.Y.,USA).

After labeling with acrylodan the SM4 was transferred to a buffer forfrozen storage. The protein was dialyzed against a solution of 0.01MMES, 30 mM glucose (pH 5.5-5.7) for 24 h with three changes of buffer.After dialysis the protein was quantified and diluted to a 100 μMsolution using the same buffer. The vials were then placed directly intoa −70° C. freezer for storage. The protein is stable for at least 3months under these conditions.

To lyophilize the SM4 protein, the protein solution was dialyzed againstammonium bicarbonate (50 mM, pH 7) for 24 h with three changes ofbuffer. The protein was passed through a 0.2 um Supor filter (Pall) andwas aliquoted into amber vials (2 mg/vial). The vials were frozen at−70° C. for 3 h, and then the protein was lyophilized for 20 h. Thefinal yield was about 86 mg of protein with a dye/protein ratio of about0.94. The protein is stable for at least 6 months under theseconditions. For frozen storage the protein the protein solution wasdialyzed against The protein was dialyzed against a solution of 0.01MMES (2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid), 30 mM glucose (pH 5.5-5.7)for 24 h with three changes of buffer. The protein was frozen and storedat −70° C.

Example 5 Determining the Melting Temperature of the Modified andLabeled GGBPs

Using the same protocol as in Example 2, the melting temperatures of themodified GGBPs (modified 3M-GGBP and W183C) prepared in Example 3 weredetermined. The measured T_(m) of the modified W183C-GGBP was about 9.4°C. greater than that of the reference protein (W183C) (FIG. 1).Similarly, modified 3M-GGBP having substitution numbers 1, 3, 5 and 10from Table I above displayed a higher T_(m). Table III below shows theincrease in T_(m) for the two modified GGBPs of the present invention.TABLE III Thermal Stability of Modified GGBPs Fluorescent Dye/ ProteinTm* Kd Response Protein W183C- 39.8 ± 2% 19.6 ± 10% 3.4 ± 8% 1.1 ± 30%acrylodan W183C(1,3,5,10)- 49.2 ± 1% 21.7 ± 6%  4.7 ± 5% 1.1 ± 10%acrylodan 3M-IANBD 45.4 ± 1%  9.6 11 0.9 3M(1,3,5,10)- 52.9 ± 2% 13.612.1 1.0 IANBD*Tm determined in PBS

Example 6 Modified GGBPs with an Affinity Tag

The SM4 protein was cloned into a vector that produces large proteinyields (6-7 g/L). This vector places an additional 30 residues onto theW183C(1,3,5,10) protein for affinity purification and conjugationpurposes. The vector adds the amino acid sequence MGHNHNHNHNHNHNGGDDDDK(SEQ ID NO:5), in an N-terminus to C-terminus direction, on theN-terminus and the amino acid sequence GGKKKKKKEE (SEQ ID NO:6), in anN-terminus to C-terminus direction, on the C-terminus of thepolypeptide. The melting temperature of this protein, with the terminiadditions present, was determined to be about 53° C. in PBS (with 0.1g/L of CaCl₂ (anhydrous) and 0.1 g/L MgCl₂-6H₂O). On the other hand, themelting temperature of this protein, without the termini additionspresent, was determined to be about 55.4° C. in PBS. Glucose affinity ofSM4 with termini additions was measured as 19.6 mM and the fluorescentresponse (Qr) was measured as 4.8.

Example 7 Measuring Analyte Concentrations Using the Labeled ModifiedThermostable GGBP

For the modified, thermostable 3M and W183C proteins, a fluorescenceassay as disclosed in Looger, L. L., et al., Nature, 423:185-189 (2003)(incorporated by reference), was used to verify the glucose bindingactivity of the proteins. Dye-protein fluorophore(N,N′-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N′-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediaminedesignated IANBD) or acrylodan coupling was performed as described bythe manufacturer (Molecular Probes).

Briefly, 0.5 ml of 3M-GGBP (1-2 mg/ml) was treated with 2.5 molar excessof dithiothreitol for 30 min. A10-fold molar excess solution of IANBD inDMSO (0.5 mg/100 uL) was then added. While protected from light, theprotein and dye were gently mixed for 4 h at 25° C. before the unreacteddye was removed by Nap-5 column chromatography (Amersham Biosciences).

The efficiency of the coupling was determined by absorbance:${\frac{A_{x}}{\in} \times \frac{{MW}_{p}}{{mg}_{p}\text{/}{ml}}} = \frac{{mole}_{d}}{{mole}_{p}}$Where A_(x) is the absorbance value of the dye at the absorption maximumwavelength and ε is the molar extinction coefficient of the dye at theabsorption maximum. MW_(p), mg_(p)/ml, and mole_(p) are the molecularweight, concentration, and molar amount of the protein, respectively.The molar amount of dye is mole_(d).

Binding constants were determined by titration of increasingconcentrations of glucose into a 0.1 μM protein in PBS and monitoringthe change in fluorescence. The K_(d) was determined from the followingrelationships as adapted from Pisarchick and Thompson (Pisarchick, M. L.and Thompson, N. L. Biophys. J. (1990), 58, 1235-1249):$F = {F_{\inf} + \frac{F_{0} - F_{\inf}}{1 + {x/K_{d}}}}$where F is fluorescence intensity, F_(inf) is fluorescence at infinity,F₀ is fluorescence at zero$\lbrack{Glc}\rbrack_{free} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\lbrack{Glc}\rbrack_{tot} - \lbrack{Prot}\rbrack_{tot} - K_{d} +} \\\sqrt{\left( {\lbrack{Glc}\rbrack_{tot} - \lbrack{Prot}\rbrack_{tot} - K_{d\quad}} \right)^{2} + {4*\lbrack{Glc}\rbrack_{tot}*K_{d}}}\end{matrix}}{2}$where [Glc]_(free) is the concentration of free glucose and [Glc]_(tot)and [Prot]_(tot) are the total concentrations of glucose and protein,respectively. For the SM4, the ratio of the area under the fluorescencecurve from 514-540 nm to the area under the curve at 450-470 nm was usedin place of fluorescence intensity in the equations above. The currentinvention, however, is not limited to particular wavelength region offluorescence when measuring fluorescence or evaluating glucoseconcentrations.

The results of binding experiments have demonstrated that theacrylodan-labeled SM4, produced according to Example 3, also hadincreased fluorescence response as compared to the referenceW183C-acrylodan (see Table III). FIG. 2 shows the increase influorescence intensity upon titration of 3M-GGBP (1,3,5,10) labeled withIANBD using increasing concentrations of glucose (0, 5, 10, 30, 50, and100 mM).

Example 8 Liquid Chromatography Fourier Transform Mass Spectroscopy(LC-FTMS) to Quantify Deamidation at Select Residues of GGBP

To identify additional deamidation sites, liquid chromatographic-FourierTransform MS (LC-FTMS) was used to quantify deamidation at theasparagine residues in W183C and SM4. W183C and SM4 (from Example 5)were either kept at 25° C. or heat treated (18 hours at 60° C.) prior totrypsin digestion. Peptides were then separated using a 15 cm Pep-MapC18 capillary column (75 micron id) with a 30 minute gradient from about5% to about 95% acetonitrile and analyzed by LC-FTMS. Deamidation leadsto a mass shift of approximately 1 dalton. Samples were examined fordeamidation doublets and were reported as relative deamidation peakratios where a smaller ratio indicates greater deamidation of theresidues. Table IV shows the relative deamidation levels of the residuesof the peptide sequences, with the smaller number indicating a greaterlevel of deamidation. Table V shows potential amino acid substitutionsidentified by the quantitative deamidation process. TABLE IV DeamidationQuantified by LC-FTMS Relative Deamidation See - Table II PeptideSequences Identified by FT-MS W183C Previously W183C W183C (1, 3, 5, 10)Tested W183C (1, 3, 5, 10) 25° C. 60° C. 25° C. 60° C. No. ΔTm AAPDVQLLMN *DSQN*DQSK AAPDVQLLM I * DSQN*DQSK 3.20 1.00 7.90 1.92 1 +1DKMDAWLSGPN*AN*K DKMDAWLSGPN*AN*K 3.43 0.86 1.16 7 +0.5 HWAAN*QGWDLN*KHWAAN*QGWDLN*K 6.9 4 −5.2 ATFDLAKN*LADGK ATFDLAKN*LADGK 1.42 GAADGTN*WKGAADGTN*WK 2.5 11 −3.5 YDDN*FMSVVR YDDN*FMSVVR 11.51 6.01 1.7QN*DQIDVLLAK QN*DQIDVLLAK 3.05 1.09 4.79 5.19 12 −3.7Note:asparagines (N) are starred, mutations are underlined and mutationsreplacing an N residue are starred and underlined

TABLE V W183C(1, 3, 5, 10) Previously Tested New Peptide SequenceMutations No Peptide Sequence Mutations AAPDVQLLM I *DSQN*DQSK AAPDVQLLMI *DSQN*DQSK 1 AAPDVQLLM I *DGQ G *DQSK N391, S41G, N43G AAPDVQLLM I*DSQ A *DQSK N391, N43A DKMDAWLSGPN*AN*K DKMDAWLSSS K *A N K 7DKMDAWLSSG K *A K *D G198S, P199G, N200K, N202K, K203D HWAAN*QGWDLN*KHWAA D QGWD*LN*K 4 HWKA D *PTLDLNK A128K, N130D, Q131P, G132T, W133LHWKA D *PTLDLNK A128K, A129S, N130S, Q131E, G132A W133L ATFDLAKN*LADGKATFDLAY S *LADGK 11 ATFDFSR L *LADGK L268F, A269S, K270R, N271LATFELARL*LADGK D267E, K270R, N271L GAADGTN*WK GAADGT D *LK 12 GAADGT M*PK N283M, W284P YDDN*FMSVVR FDD T *FMSVVR Y12F, N15T QN*DQIDVLLAK Q I*EQVDVLLAK N49I, D50E, I52VNote:asparagines (N) are starred, mutations are underlined and mutationsreplacing an N residue are starred and underlined

1. A modified thermostable glucose-galactose binding protein (GGBP) that has a higher melting temperature than a reference GGBP.
 2. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 1, wherein said reference GGBP is at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4.
 3. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 2, wherein said reference protein is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 4. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 3, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP comprises one or more residue substitutions selected from the group consisting of residues corresponding to tyrosine 12 (Y12), asparagine 15 (N15), asparagine 39 (N39), serine 41 (S41), asparagine (N43), asparagine 49 (N49), aspartic acid 50 (D50), glutamine 51 (Q51), isoleucine (152), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83), asparagine 84 (N84), alanine 128 (A128), alanine 129 (A129), asparagine 130 (N130), glutamine (Q131), glycine 132 (G132), tryptophan 133 (W133), glutamine 175 (Q175), glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine 198 (G198), proline 199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine (N202), lysine (K203) asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259 (N259), asparagine 260 (N260), aspartic acid 267 (D267), leucine, 268 (L268), alanine 269 (A269), lysine 270 (K270), asparagine 271 (N271), asparagine 283 (N283), tryptophan 284 (W284) and asparagine 302 (N302) of SEQ ID NO:1.
 5. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 2, wherein said reference protein is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 6. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 5, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP comprises one or more residue substitutions selected from the group consisting of residues corresponding to tyrosine 35 (Y35), asparagine 38 (N38), asparagine 62 (N62), serine 64 (S64), asparagine 66 (N66), asparagine 72 (N72), aspartic acid 73 (D73), glutamine 74 (Q74), isoleucine 75 (175), glycine 105 (G105), glutamine 106 (Q106), asparagine 107 (N107), alanine 151 (A151), alanine 152 (A152), asparagine 153 (N153), glutamine 154 (Q154), glycine 155 (G155), tryptophan 156 (W156), glutamine 198 (Q198), glutamine 200 (Q200), leucine 201 (L201), glycine 221 (G221), proline 222 (P222), asparagine 223 (N223), asparagine 202 (N225), lysine 226 (K226) asparagine 249 (N249), asparagine 282 (N282), asparagine 283 (N283), aspartic acid 290 (D290), leucine 291 (L291), alanine 292 (A292), lysine 293 (K293), asparagine 294 (N294), asparagine 306 (N306), tryptophan 307 (W307) and asparagine 325 (N302) of SEQ ID NO:2.
 7. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 2, wherein said reference protein is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.
 8. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 7, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP comprises one or more residue substitutions selected from the group consisting of residues corresponding to tyrosine 12 (Y12), asparagine 15 (N15), asparagine 39 (N39), serine 41 (S41), asparagine (N43), asparagine 49 (N49), aspartic acid 50 (D50), glutamine 51 (Q51), isoleucine (152), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83), asparagine 84 (N84), alanine 128 (A128), alanine 129 (A129), asparagine 130 (N130), glutamine (Q131), glycine 132 (G132), tryptophan 133 (W133), glutamine 175 (Q175), glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine 198 (G198), proline 199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine (N202), lysine (K203) asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259 (N259), asparagine 260 (N260), aspartic acid 267 (D267), leucine 268 (L268), alanine 269 (A269), lysine 270 (K270), asparagine 271 (N271), asparagine 283 (N283), tryptophan 284 (W284) and asparagine 302 (N302) of SEQ ID NO:3.
 9. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 8, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP comprises the substitutions N39I, G82E, Q83K, N84D, Q175E, Q177H, L178M, N259E and N260S.
 10. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 2, wherein said reference protein is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 11. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 10, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP comprises one or more residue substitutions selected from the group consisting of residues corresponding to tyrosine 12 (Y12), asparagine 15 (N15), asparagine 39 (N39), serine 41 (S41), asparagine (N43), asparagine 49 (N49), aspartic acid 50 (D50), glutamine 51 (Q51), isoleucine (152), glycine 82 (G82), glutamine 83 (Q83), asparagine 84 (N84), alanine 128 (A128), alanine 129 (A129), asparagine 130 (N130), glutamine (Q131), glycine 132 (G132), tryptophan 133 (W133), glutamine 175 (Q175), glutamine 177 (Q177), leucine 178 (L178), glycine 198 (G198), proline 199 (P199), asparagine 200 (N200), asparagine (N202), lysine (K203) asparagine 226 (N226), asparagine 259 (N259), asparagine 260 (N260), aspartic acid 267 (D267), leucine 268 (L268), alanine 269 (A269), lysine 270 (K270), asparagine 271 (N271), asparagine 283 (N283), tryptophan 284 (W284) and asparagine 302 (N302) of SEQ ID NO:4.
 12. The modified thermostable GGBP of claim 11, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP comprises the substitutions N39I, G82E, Q83K, N84D, Q175E, Q177H, L178M, N259E and N260S.
 13. A biosensor for measuring an analyte, said biosensor comprising the modified thermostable GGBP of claim
 11. 14. The biosensor of claim 13, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP further comprises at least one label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent label, a radio label, a chemiluminescent label, a phosphorescent label, a colorimetric label and a surface-enhanced raman-scattering label.
 15. The biosensor of claim 13, wherein said thermostable GGBP is entrapped in a polymeric matrix.
 16. A method of measuring the concentration of an analyte in a sample, said method comprising contacting the biosensor of claim 15 with said sample.
 17. A device comprising the biosensor of claim 13, wherein said thermostable GGBP is in optical proximity with an optical conduit.
 18. A biosensor for measuring an analyte, said biosensor comprising the modified thermostable GGBP of claim
 4. 19. The biosensor of claim 18, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP further comprises at least one label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent label, a radio label, a chemiluminescent label, a phosphorescent label, a calorimetric label and a surface-enhanced raman-scattering label.
 20. The biosensor of claim 18, wherein said thermostable GGBP is entrapped in a polymeric matrix.
 21. A method of measuring the concentration of an analyte in a sample, said method comprising contacting the biosensor of claim 20 with said sample.
 22. A device comprising the biosensor of claim 18, wherein said thermostable GGBP is in optical proximity with an optical conduit.
 23. A biosensor for measuring an analyte, said biosensor comprising the modified thermostable GGBP of claim
 6. 24. The biosensor of claim 23, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP further comprises at least one label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent label, a radio label, a chemiluminescent label, a phosphorescent label, a calorimetric label and a surface-enhanced raman-scattering label.
 25. The biosensor of claim 23, wherein said thermostable GGBP is entrapped in a polymeric matrix.
 26. A method of measuring the concentration of an analyte in a sample, said method comprising contacting the biosensor of claim 25 with said sample.
 27. A device comprising the biosensor of claim 23, wherein said thermostable GGBP is in optical proximity with an optical conduit.
 28. A biosensor for measuring an analyte, said biosensor comprising the modified thermostable GGBP of claim
 8. 29. The biosensor of claim 28, wherein said modified thermostable GGBP further comprises at least one label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent label, a radio label, a chemiluminescent label, a phosphorescent label, a calorimetric label and a surface-enhanced raman-scattering label.
 30. The biosensor of claim 28, wherein said thermostable GGBP is entrapped in a polymeric matrix.
 31. A method of measuring the concentration of an analyte in a sample, said method comprising contacting the biosensor of claim 30 with said sample.
 32. A device comprising the biosensor of claim 28, wherein said thermostable GGBP is in optical proximity with an optical conduit.
 33. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the modified thermostable GGBP of claim
 1. 34. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 33. 35. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 34. 36. A method of making a modified thermostable GGBP, said method comprising culturing the host cell of claim 35 in conditions suitable for protein expression and isolating said protein. 